ASTM A788 A788M-2016a Standard Specification for Steel Forgings General Requirements《钢锻件通用要求的标准规格》.pdf

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1、Designation: A788/A788M 16A788/A788M 16aStandard Specification forSteel Forgings, General Requirements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A788/A788M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2 covers a group

3、of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the individual productspecification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the following specifications issued by ASTM:ASTMDesignation TitleA266/A266M Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure VesselComponentsA288 Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgin

4、gs for MagneticRetaining Rings for Turbine GeneratorsA289/A289M Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retain-ing Rings for GeneratorsA290/A290M Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings forReduction GearsA291/A291M Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions,Gears, and Shafts for Reduction GearsA33

5、6/A336M Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature PartsA372/A372M Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsA427/A427M Wrought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and HotReductionA469/A469M Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for GeneratorRotorsA470/A470M Vacuum-Treated Carbon an

6、d Alloy SteelForgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA471/A471M Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Tur-bine Rotor Disks and WheelsA504/A504M Wrought Carbon Steel WheelsA508/A508M Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-TreatedCarbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pres-sure VesselsA521/A521M Steel, Closed-Impr

7、ession Die Forgings forGeneral Industrial UseA541/A541M Quenched and Tempered Carbon and AlloySteel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Compo-nentsA579/A579M Superstrength Alloy Steel ForgingsA592/A592M High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Fittings and Parts forPressure VesselsA592/A5

8、92M High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure Ves-selsA646/A646M Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Bil-lets for Aircraft and Aerospace ForgingsA649/A649M Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Pa-per Machinery1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of

9、ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06on Steel Forgings and Billets.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2016. Published September 2016December 2016. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved i

10、n 20152016as A788/A788M 15.A788/A788M 16. DOI: 10.1520/A0788_A0788M-16.10.1520/A0788_A0788M-16A.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specification SA788 in Section II of that code.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an AST

11、M standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published

12、by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A668/A668M Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for GeneralIndustrial UseA

13、711/A711M Steel Forging StockA723/A723M Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pres-sure Component ApplicationA729/A729M Carbon and Alloy Steel Axles, Heat Treated,for Mass Transit and Electric Railway Ser-viceA765/A765M Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Manda-

14、tory Toughness RequirementsA768/A768M Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy SteelForgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA837/A837M Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applica-tionsA859/A859M Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pres-sure Vessel ComponentsA891/A891M Precipitation Hardening Iron Base

15、 SuperalloyForgings for Turbine Rotor Disks andWheelsA909/A909M Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Indus-trial UseA940/A940M Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differ-entially Heat Treated, for Turbine RotorsA965/A965M Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure andHigh Temperature PartsA982/A9

16、82M Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressorand Turbine AirfoilsA983/A983M Specification for Continous Grain FlowForged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshaftsfor Medium Speed Diesel EnginesA983/A983M Specification for Continuous Grain FlowForged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshaftsfor Medium Speed Diesel

17、 EnginesA986/A986M Magnetic Particle Examination of ContinuousGrain Flow Crankshaft ForgingsA1021/A1021M Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings andForging Stock for High-Temperature Ser-viceA1049/A1049M Stainless Steel Forgings, Ferritic/Austenitic(Duplex), for Pressure Vessels and RelatedComponents1.

18、2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of the individual product specifications shall prevail over those of thisspecification.1.3 The purchaser may specify additional requirements (see 4.2.3) that do not negate any of the provisions of either thisspecification or of the individual p

19、roduct specifications. The acceptance of any such additional requirements shall be dependenton negotiations with the supplier and must be included in the order.1.4 If, by agreement, forgings are to be supplied in a partially completed condition, that is, all of the provisions of the productspecifica

20、tion have not been filled, then the material marking (see Section 17) and certification (see Section 16) shall reflect theextent to which the product specification requirements have been met.1.5 As noted in the Certification Section (16), the number and year date of this specification, as well as th

21、at of the productspecification, are required to be included in the product certification.1.6 When the SI version of a product specification is required by the purchase order, Specification A788/A788M shall be usedin conjunction with Test Methods A1058 instead of Test Methods and Definitions A370.1.7

22、 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with

23、the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. R

24、eferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A266/A266M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer

25、to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.A788/A788M 16a2A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel ForgingsA288 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine GeneratorsA289/A289M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings

26、 for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for GeneratorsA290/A290M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction GearsA291/A291M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction GearsA336/A336M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings f

27、or Pressure and High-Temperature PartsA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA372/A372M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsA388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel ForgingsA427/A427M Specification for Wr

28、ought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and Hot ReductionA469/A469M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator RotorsA470/A470M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA471/A471M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings f

29、or Turbine Rotor Disks and WheelsA504/A504M Specification for Wrought Carbon Steel WheelsA508/A508M Specification for Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon andAlloy Steel Forgings for Pressure VesselsA521/A521M Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial UseA

30、541/A541M Specification for Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel ComponentsA551/A551M Specification for Carbon Steel Tires for Railway and Rapid Transit ApplicationsA579/A579M Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel ForgingsA592/A592M Specification for High-S

31、trength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure VesselsA646/A646M Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace ForgingsA649/A649M Specification for Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper MachineryA668/A668M Specification f

32、or Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial UseA711/A711M Specification for Steel Forging StockA723/A723M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component ApplicationA729/A729M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Axles, Heat-Treated, for Mass Transit a

33、nd Electric Railway ServiceA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA765/A765M Specification for Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with MandatoryToughness RequirementsA768/A768M Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromi

34、um Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA833 Practice for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Comparison Hardness TestersA837/A837M Specification for Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing ApplicationsA859/A859M Specification for Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure

35、 Vessel ComponentsA891/A891M Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and WheelsA909/A909M Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial UseA939/A939M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination from Bored Surfaces of Cylindrical

36、ForgingsA940/A940M Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine RotorsA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and FerroalloysA965/A965M Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Par

37、tsA966/A966M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating CurrentA982/A982M Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine AirfoilsA983/A983M Specification for Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed

38、DieselEnginesA986/A986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft ForgingsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel ProductsA1021/A1021M Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings an

39、d Forging Stock for High-Temperature ServiceA1049/A1049M Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings, Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex), for Pressure Vessels and RelatedComponentsA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Ma

40、terialsE112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain SizeE165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units (SI) (the Modernized Metric System) (Withdrawn 1997)4E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fractur

41、e Toughness KIc of Metallic MaterialsE428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic TestingE1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn 2013)44 The last approved version of this his

42、torical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.A788/A788M 16a3E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture ToughnessE1916 Guide for Identification of Mixed Lots of Metals2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/ASME B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay)5ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code6SA

43、E AMS 2750 Pyrometry73. Terminology3.1 Terminology A941 is applicable to this specification.Additional terms and wording more applicable to forgings are as notedin this section.3.2 Forging Definitions:3.2.1 steel forging, nthe product of a substantially compressive plastic working operation that con

44、solidates the material andproduces the desired shape. The plastic working may be performed by a hammer, press, forging machine, or ring rolling machine,and must deform the material to produce an essentially wrought structure.3.2.1.1 DiscussionHot rolling operations may be used to produce blooms or b

45、illets for reforging.3.3 Forging Geometries:3.3.1 bar forging, nforging that has no bore and having an axial length greater than its maximum cross sectional dimension.3.3.1.1 DiscussionMore than one cross sectional shape or size may be included. Sometimes referred to as a solid forging.3.3.2 disk fo

46、rging, nforging, sometimes referred to as a pancake forging, that has (a) an axial length appreciably less than itsdiameter, (b) may be dished on one or both faces, and (c) final forging includes upsetting operations to reduce the height of thestock and increase its diameter.3.3.2.1 DiscussionSince

47、much of the hot working is done in axially compressing the stock, the central area may not receive sufficient consolidation.To counter this effect, consideration is usually given to the initial saddening (see 3.3.6) of the ingot or billet.3.3.3 hollow forging, nforging (also known as a shell forging

48、 or a mandrel forging) in which (a) the axial length is equal toor greater than the diameter, and (b) the forging length and wall thickness are produced by hot working over a mandrel (usuallywater cooled) such that the bore diameter remains essentially the same as that of the mandrel.3.3.3.1 Discuss

49、ionUnless a hollow ingot has been used, the starting slug is hot trepanned or punched after upsetting and the bore diameter adjustedto suit the forging mandrel. The outside diameter may be contoured if required. The workpiece is forged between the upper dieand lower dies while the mandrel is supported by cranes or manipulators to facilitate rotation.3.3.4 ring forging, ntype of hollow forging in which (a) the axial length is less than the diameter, (b) the wall thickness isreduced, and (c) the outside diameter is increased by hot working between the top die and a ma