ANSI IT9.13-1996 Imaging Materials - Glossary of Terms Pertaining to Stability (IS&T)《成像材料.与稳定性有关的术语表》.pdf

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1、American National Standards Institute11 West 42nd StreetNew York, New York10036ANSI/NAPM IT9.13-1996ANSI/NAPM IT9.13-1996for Imaging Materials Glossary of Terms Pertaining to StabilityANSI/NAPM IT9.13-1996Revision ofANSI/NAPM IT9.13-1992American National Standardfor Imaging Materials Glossary of Ter

2、ms Pertaining to StabilitySecretariatNational Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc.Approved August 14, 1996American National Standards Institute, Inc.AmericanNationalStandardApproval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI thatthe requirements for due process, consensus, a

3、nd other criteria forapproval have been met by the standards developer.Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board ofStandards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directlyand materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much morethan a simple majority

4、, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requiresthat all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort bemade toward their resolution.The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approvedt

5、he standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or usingproducts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards andwill in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American NationalStandard. Moreove

6、r, no person shall have the right or authority to issue aninterpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the AmericanNational Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be ad-dressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title pageof this standard.CAUT

7、ION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised orwithdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National StandardsInstitute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards mayreceive current inform

8、ation on all standards by calling or writing the AmericanNational Standards Institute.Published byAmerican National Standards Institute11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 1996 by American National Standards InstituteAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced

9、 in anyform, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of Americainsert code hereiForewordii1 Scope 12 Definitions1AnnexA Bibliography .5ContentsPageiiForeword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard

10、 ANSI/NAPM IT9.13-1996.)This standard lists definitions on the permanence of imaging materialsused in American National Standards on material specifications and stor-age practices. Of particular importance is the definition for archival. Theterm, archival, has been interpreted to have many meanings,

11、 ranging from“the preservation of information forever” to “temporary storage of activelyused information.” It is, therefore, recommended that the term archival notbe used in standards for stability of recording materials and systems.This standard is a revision of the 1992 document. In addition to im

12、prove-ments in the definitions for photographic materials, terms have beenadded for magnetic and optical materials.Suggestions for the improvement of this standard will be welcome. Theyshould be sent to the National Association of Photographic Manufacturers,Inc., 550 Mamaroneck Avenue, Suite 307, Ha

13、rrison, NY 10528-1612.This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI byNAPM Technical Committee IT9 on the Physical Properties andPermanence of Imaging Materials. Committee approval of this standarddoes not necessarily imply that all members voted for its approval. At thetime it appr

14、oved this standard, the NAPM/IT9 Technical Committee hadthe following members:Peter Z. Adelstein, ChairmanA. Tulsi Ram, SecretaryOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAssociation for Information and Image Management Jean M. BaronasJudy Kilpatrick (Alt.)Association of Reproduction MaterialsM

15、anufacturers, Inc. .Philip NowersCanadian Conservation Institute Klaus B. HendriksFirst Image Management CompanyWilliam E. NealeGenealogical Society of Utah.Eric EricksonBrent Reber (Alt.)Nathan Nilsson (Alt.)Image Permanence Institute James M. ReillyDouglas Nishimura (Alt.)International Society of

16、Photogrammetryand Remote Sensing .Francis J. ParrishLight Impressions Corporation .Dennis InchMotion Picture Studio Preservation Rami MinaRick Utley (Alt.)National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc. .Ronald CieciuchPeter Roth (Alt.)Haruhiko IwanoJunichi KohnoDavid F. KopperlA. Tulsi Ram

17、 (Alt.)Charles A. Schallhorn (Alt.)Cheri L. Warner (Alt.)Peter KrauseGilbert G. LeiterNeil Anderson (Alt.)William Murray (Alt.)Norman Newman (Alt.)Kenneth M. SmithRobert L. Seyfert (Alt.)iiiNational Information Standards Organization (Liaison) .Margaret ByrnesNational Optical Astronomy Observatories

18、 .William E. SchoeningProfessional Photographers of America, Inc.Robert M. OpferSmithsonian Institution Mark McCormick-Goodhart Society of Imaging Science and Technology Peter Z. AdelsteinU.S. Defense Logistics Agency James N. McBeeU.S. General Services Administration Federal Supply and Services .Ma

19、rtin RobinsonU.S. Library of Congress .Gerald GibsonU.S. National Archives and Records AdministrationAlan R. CalmesSteven T. Puglia (Alt.)Sarah S. Wagner (Alt.)Wilhelm Imaging Research Henry WilhelmIndividual ExpertEugene OstroffOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDA

20、RD ANSI/NAPM IT9.13-1996American National Standardfor Imaging Materials Glossary of TermsPertaining to Stability11 ScopeThis standard lists a glossary of terms and definitions pertaining to the stability of imaging materials.These definitions are generic and apply to the entire imaging industry. For

21、 definitions specific toparticular applications, refer to industry standards.2 Definitions2.1 aperture: The opening in the flange that is used to facilitate threading of magnetic tape on thehub and inspection of the wind (also referred to as window).2.2 aperture card: A card of standard dimensions w

22、ith one or more openings into which amicrofilm frame, or frames, can be mounted or inserted.2.3 archival medium: A recording material that can be expected to retain information forever, sothat such information can be retrieved without significant loss when properly stored. However, there isno such m

23、aterial and it is not a term to be used in American National Standard material or systemspecifications.2.4 base: The support in a recording material on which the magnetic layer (and, if necessary, theback layer) is coated.2.4.1 cellulose-acetate base: A base for recording materials composed mainly o

24、f cellulose-estersof acetic acid.2.4.2 cellulose-ester base: A base for recording materials composed mainly of cellulose-esters ofacetic, propionic, or butyric acid, or mixtures thereof.2.4.3 polyester base: A base for recording materials composed mainly of a polymer of ethyleneglycol and terephthal

25、ic acid (also referred to as polyethylene terephthalate), or a polymer of ethyleneglycol and 2,6 naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (also referred to as polyethylene naphthalate).2.4.4 poly(ethylene terephthalate) base: A polyester base for recording materials composedmainly of a polymer of ethylene glyc

26、ol and terephthalic acid.2.5 brittleness: The property of a material that causes it to crack or break when bent or flexed.2.6 can: A metal or plastic container for a roll of recording material, such as photographic film ormagnetic tape.2.7 carton or box: An outer container that can hold one or more

27、individual units.2.8 cartridge: A housing for a roll of recording material, such as photographic film or magnetictape, attached to a single hub or reel. See also cassette.2.9 cassette: A housing for a roll of recording material, such as photographic film or magnetictape, whose ends are attached to t

28、wo hubs or reels.ANSI/NAPM IT9.13-199622.10 conditioning: The exposure of a sample to air at a given relative humidity and temperatureuntil equilibrium is reached.2.11 container: A box, can, or carton used for storage and shipping of recording materials. (Thebox into which a reel, cassette, cartridg

29、e, or shell is placed is a container. Reels, cassettes,cartridges, or shells are not containers.)2.12 copy: A reproduction of the information from a master.2.13 cupping: The departure of film or paper from physical flatness characterized by the conditionwhere the four corners of a rectangular sheet

30、turn up, but the edges do not.2.14 curl: The departure of film, paper, or magnetic tape from physical flatness with the tendencyto curve into a cylindrical shape.2.15 density: The degree of light absorption, reflection, or scattering characteristics of aphotographic image, expressed as the logarithm

31、 to the base 10 of the ratio of incident radiant flux tothe transmitted, reflected, or scattered flux.2.15.1 printing density: The density of a processed photographic image in which the incident andtransmitted radiant flux are evaluated by a receiver having the same spectral response as thephotograp

32、hic material on which the sample is to be printed, and the incident radiant flux having thesame spectral energy distribution as the printing light source.2.15.2 projection density: The density of a processed photographic image in which the angulardistributions of the incident and transmitted radiant

33、 flux are equal and specified.2.15.3 visual diffuse density: The density of a processed photographic image, in which theincident and the transmitted or reflected radiant flux are evaluated by the human eye or by a receiverhaving the same spectral response as the human eye.2.16 dew point: a) The surf

34、ace temperature at which moisture begins to condense on a surface.The more humid the air, the higher the dew point temperature. b) The temperature corresponding tosaturation for a given absolute humidity. See also relative humidity.2.17 duplicate: A reproduction of a master, retaining the same polar

35、ity and size.2.18 emulsion layer(s): The image or image-forming layer(s) of photogrpahic films, papers, andplates.2.19 envelope or bag: An enclosure that is sealed with adhesive, mechanically joined, or heatsealed on two edges with a bottom fold and one side open.2.20 extended-term storage condition

36、s: Storage conditions suitable for the preservation ofrecorded information having permanent value.2.21 fire-protective storage: Facilities designed to protect records against excessivetemperatures, water and other fire-fighting agents, and steam developed by insulation of safes orcaused by the extin

37、guishing of fires and collapsing structures.2.22 flange: A fixed or removable circular disc that is connected to the hub to make a reel. Thepurpose of the flange is to protect the roll of recording material. See also reel.2.23 folder: A single sheet that is folded and does not have adhesive seams.2.

38、24 full reversal processing: Reversal processing that consists of development, bleach, clear,reexposing and second development, followed by fixing and washing.2.25 heads out: The configuration of magnetic tape stored on its reel, or in its cassette, such thatthe tape is positioned to play from the b

39、eginning of the recorded information.2.26 hub: The cylindrical object at the center of a reel, around which the recording material iswound.ANSI/NAPM IT9.13-199632.27 information: The signal or image recorded using the system.2.28 jacket: Two transparent sheets separated by divider strips with single

40、 or multiple filmchannels (sleeves) made to hold single or multiple images.2.29 leader: A flexible plastic or paper strip which can be spliced to either end of a roll ofrecording material.2.30 leafing: Multiple popped strands in a magnetic tape wind. See also popped strand andstepped pack.2.31 life

41、expectancy (LE): The length of time that information is predicted to be retrievable in asystem under extended-term storage conditions.2.32 LE designation: A rating for the “life expectancy” of recording materials and associatedretrieval systems. The number following the LE symbol is a prediction of

42、the minimum life expectancyin years for which information can be retrieved without significant loss when stored under extended-term storage conditions, e.g., LE-100 indicates that information can be retrieved for at least 100years storage.2.33 loose pack: An undesirable pack condition in a roll of r

43、ecording material, such that the outerportion of the roll can be moved and tightened by pulling on the end.2.34 magnetic field intensity: The level of magnetic field at a point in space.2.35 medium: The material on which information is recorded. (plural: media).2.36 medium-term storage conditions: S

44、torage conditions suitable for the preservation ofrecorded information for a minimum of ten years.2.37 noncurl backing layer: A layer, usually made of gelatin, applied to the side of the film baseopposite that of the emulsion layer for the purpose of preventing curl. It is comparable to theemulsion

45、layer in thickness and is not removed in processing.2.38 optical disk: A disk that will accept and retain information in the form of marks or densitymodulation in a recording layer that can be read with an optical beam.2.38.1 compact disk (CD-ROM): An optical disk in which the data in specified area

46、s was written inmanufacture and can be read multiple times by an optical beam. (Referred to as Compact Disk Read Only Medium.)2.38.2 WORM disk: An optical disk in which the data in specified areas can be written only onceand read multiple times by an optical beam.2.39 optical disk cartridge (ODC): A

47、 device consisting of a case containing an optical disk.2.40 photographic enclosure: A container in close or direct contact with photographic plates,films, or paper such as reels, cans, bags, folders, sleeves (sheaths), jackets, envelopes, windowmounts or mats, slide mounts, cartons, boxes, and aper

48、ture cards.2.41 photographic film: A material consisting of one or more radiation sensitive layers coated ontransparent or translucent plastic, that yields a visible image.2.42 photographic layer: A sensitive coating that yields an image after exposure to radiant flux.Exposure is usually followed by

49、 processing to generate the image.2.43 photographic plate: A material consisting of one or more radiation-sensitive layers coatedon a rigid support, such as glass or metal, that yields a visible image.2.44 photographic print: A material consisting of one or more radiation-sensitive layers coated onpaper, paper with a pigmented layer, paper with a resin layer, or on an opaque support, that yields avisible image.ANSI/NAPM IT9.13-199642.45 popped strand: Lateral displacement of a single strand or wrap of magnetic tape extendingbeyond the plane of the tape pack. See also stepped pack an