AASHTO R 71-2016 Standard Practice for Sampling and Amount of Testing of Hydraulic Cement.pdf

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1、Standard Practice for Sampling and Amount of Testing of Hydraulic Cement AASHTO Designation: R 71-161Release: Group 1 (April 2016) ASTM Designation: C183/C183M-15 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-3a

2、R 71-1 AASHTO Standard Practice for Sampling and Amount of Testing of Hydraulic Cement AASHTO Designation: R 71-161Release: Group 1 (April 2016) ASTM Designation: C183/C183M-15 1. SCOPE 1.1. This practice covers procedures for sampling and for the amount of testing of hydraulic cement after it has b

3、een manufactured and is ready to be offered for sale. 1.2. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be the exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining

4、 values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Values in SI units or inch-pound units shall be obtained by measurement in SI units or inch-pound units or by appropriate conversion, using the Rules for Conversion and Rounding given in ASTM Standard IEEE/ASTM SI10. Value

5、s are stated in only SI units when inch-pound units are not used in practice. 1.3. The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard. 1.4.

6、 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOC

7、UMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 85, Portland Cement M 240M/M 240, Blended Hydraulic Cement T 98M/T 98, Fineness of Portland Cement by the Turbidimeter T 105, Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement T 106M/T 106, Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortar (Using 50-mm or 2-in. Cube Specimens) T 10

8、7M/T 107, Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement T 131, Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle T 137, Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar T 153, Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air Permeability Apparatus T 154, Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement Paste by Gillmore Needles T 160, Len

9、gth Change of Hardened Hydraulic Cement Mortar and Concrete 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a R 71-2 AASHTO T 186, Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Paste Method) T 192, Fineness

10、of Hydraulic Cement by the 45-m (No. 325) Sieve 2.2. ASTM Standards: C10/C10M, Standard Specification for Natural Cement C91/C91M, Standard Specification for Masonry Cement C157/C157M, Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete C186, Standard Test Method

11、for Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cement C227, Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method) C452/C452M, Standard Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate C806, Standard Test Method for Restrained E

12、xpansion of Expansive Cement Mortar C807, Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement Mortar by Modified Vicat Needle C845/C845M, Standard Specification for Expansive Hydraulic Cement C1012/C1012M, Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfa

13、te Solution C1038/C1038M, Standard Test Method for Expansion of Hydraulic Cement Mortar Bars Stored in Water C1157/C1157M, Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement C1328/C1328M, Standard Specification for Plastic (Stucco) Cement C1329/C1329M, Standard Specification for Mortar Cement C

14、1357, Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Masonry Bond Strength C1506, Standard Test Method for Water Retention of Hydraulic Cement-Based Mortars and Plasters 2.3. ACI Standard: ACI 225.1R, Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements 2.4. IEEE/ASTM Standard: SI10, American National Standard

15、 for Metric Practice 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.1.1. lot (of cement)specific quantity of cement offered for inspection at any one time. A lot may be one or more storage bins filled consecutively. A lot may also be the contents of one or more transport units

16、 representing cement drawn from the same storage bin. 3.1.2. reduced testing ratetest program that provides for the testing of only two samples from any given lot of samples obtained and prepared for testing at the normal rate as described herein. The program uses probability factors and is so desig

17、ned that when results from the two samples fulfill the requirements of the program, it may be said with 95 percent confidence that fewer than 5 percent of the samples would be outside the specification limits. 3.1.3. ton, n907 kg 2000 lb (as used in this practice). 2016 by the American Association o

18、f State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a R 71-3 AASHTO 4. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1. The sampling procedures described are intended for use in the procurement of samples of hydraulic cement after it has been manufactured and

19、is ready to be offered for sale. They are not intended as sampling procedures for quality control purposes during manufacturing. The testing procedures outlined cover the amount of testing to be done and provide guidance for reporting on conformance or nonconformance of cements with requirements of

20、purchase specifications. 4.2. This practice is referenced as the procedure for sampling natural cement (ASTM C10/C10M), masonry cement (ASTM C91/C91M), portland cement (M 85), blended hydraulic cement (M 240M/M 240), expansive hydraulic cement (ASTM C845/C845M), plastic (stucco) cement (ASTM C1328),

21、 mortar cement (ASTM C1329), and hydraulic cement (ASTM C1157/C1157M) based on a performance specification. 4.3. Most building codes and construction specifications require that hydraulic cement to be used in the work meet the applicable requirements of the relevant purchase specifications, such as

22、Specifications M 85, M 240M/M 240, ASTM C91/C91M, ASTM C845/C845M, ASTM C1157/C1157M, ASTM C1328, and ASTM C1329. If the code or specification requires sampling of the manufactured cement, the provisions given in Section 4.4 are applicable. Not much cement is sold on the basis of such sampling and t

23、esting. A useful discussion of sampling and testing cement is contained in ACI 225.1R. 4.4. The procedures covered in this practice should be done by or for purchasers of hydraulic cement who are using a code or specification that requires sampling and testing to determine if the samples conform to

24、the relevant acceptance specifications. The testing is done using specified methods to determine whether the samples yield test results that conform to the specification, and the tests serve as a basis for acceptance or rejection of the lot of material sampled. 4.5. It is neither intended nor requir

25、ed that all cements be tested using all the test methods referenced in Section 2. 5. KINDS AND SIZE OF SAMPLES AND BY WHOM TAKEN 5.1. A cement sample secured from a conveyor, bulk storage, or a bulk shipment in one operation shall be termed a “grab sample.” A sample obtained during a 10-min interval

26、 using an automatic sampling device that continuously samples a cement stream may also be considered a grab sample. Grab samples taken at prescribed intervals over a period of time may be combined to form a “composite sample” representative of the cement produced during that period of time. 5.2. All

27、 samples, whether grab or composite, shall have a mass of at least 5 kg 10 lb. 5.3. The purchaser may designate a representative to supervise the sampling, packing, and shipping of samples when it is so specified in the purchase contract. 5.4. Package the samples in moisture-proof, airtight containe

28、rs numbered consecutively in the order in which the samples are taken (see Note 1). The purchase contract shall state who will pay for the costs of sampling, packaging, shipping, and testing the samples. Note 1Polyvinyl chloride sample containers, upon occasion, have been found to affect the air-ent

29、raining potential of a cement sample. The same problem might be experienced with containers made from other plastics. 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a R 71-4 AASHTO 6. TESTING-TIME R

30、EQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMPLETION OF TESTS 6.1. When tests of hydraulic cement are made at a laboratory other than that of the cement manufacturer, the cement sampling schedule, sample transportation time, and sample testing schedule must be coordinated among the purchaser, manufacturer, and testing la

31、boratory so that the tests results will be available when required. 6.2. The manufacturer of the cement shall make the cement available to be sampled for testing early enough before the time the test results are needed so that at least the applicable time intervals listed in Section 6.3 exist. 6.3.

32、When this has been done, the testing laboratory shall provide test results not later than the indicated number of days after sampling: Tests Time Interval, Days T 106M/T 106 (1-day results), T 98M/T 98, T 105, T 107M/T 107, T 131, T 137, T 153, T 154, T 186; ASTM C265, C563 8 T 106M/ T 106 (3-day re

33、sults) 10 T 106M/T 106 (7-day results); ASTM C186 14 ASTM C227, C452/C452M, and C1012/C1012M (14-day results) 21 T 106M/T 106 (28-day results); ASTM C186 35 T 160 (34-day results); ASTM C157/C157M 41 ASTM C227 (56-day results) 63 ASTM C227 (91-day results) 98 7. SAMPLING 7.1. The cement may be sampl

34、ed by any of the applicable methods described in this section. 7.1.1. From the Conveyor Delivering to Bulk StorageTake one grab sample, having a mass of at least 5 kg 10 lb, at approximately 6-h intervals. 7.1.2. Transfer SamplingSample cement in storage while the cement is being transferred from on

35、e bin to another. Take one grab sample from the transfer stream for each 360 Mg 400 tons of cement, or fraction thereof, but take no less than two grab samples and combine them to produce a composite sample. 7.1.3. Other Sampling MethodsWhen neither of the above sampling methods is applicable, sampl

36、es may, when authorized by the purchaser, be taken by one of the following methods: 7.1.3.1. From Bulk Storage at Points of DischargeWithdraw cement from the discharge openings in a steady stream until sampling is completed. If a high circular silo is being sampled, take all samples from one opening

37、. If the quantity of the cement in the bin exceeds 1100 mg 1200 tons when low rectangular bins are being sampled, discharge openings employed in the sampling shall be such that for no opening shall the number of samples represent more than one-half the contents of the bin or more than 1800 mg 2000 t

38、ons. When sampling bulk storage at points of discharge, while the cement is flowing through the openings, take samples at such intervals so that at least two grab samples shall be secured for each 360 mg 400 tons in the bin or silo. 7.1.3.2. From Bulk Storage and Bulk Shipment by Means of a Slotted

39、Tube SamplerWhen desired, use a tube sampler designed for cohesive and semi-cohesive powders and designed for the depth of the cement to be sampled. An example of just one type is shown in Figure 1. Take samples from well- 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official

40、s.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a R 71-5 AASHTO distributed points and various depths of the cement so that the samples taken will represent the cement involved. Figure 1Example of Tube Sampler for Cement 7.1.3.3. From Packaged Cement by Means of Tube SamplerS

41、ample package cement using a tube sampler designed for cohesive and semi-cohesive powders and able to sample packaged cement from the valve of the cement bag. An example of just one type is shown in Figure 2. Take one sample from a bag in each 4.5 mg 5 tons or fraction thereof. Figure 2Tube Sampler

42、for Packaged Cement 7.1.3.4. From Bulk Shipment of Car or Truck: 1. Single ShipmentIf only one car or truck is being loaded and the loading is continuous and all from the same source, take a 5-kg 10-lb sample. If not continuous or unknown, combine five or more portions from different points in the l

43、oad to form the test sample. 2. Multiple ShipmentsWhen the shipment consists of several cars or trucks loaded from the same source and on the same day, sample the shipment at the rate of one sample for each 90 mg 100 tons of cement or fraction thereof, but take not less than two samples. Consider ce

44、ment represented by such samples as a lot, and test the samples in accordance with the procedure outlined in Section 9. 7.2. Protection of SamplesAs samples are taken, place them directly in moisture-proof airtight containers to avoid moisture absorption and aeration of the sample. If the samples ar

45、e placed in cans, fill the can completely and immediately seal. Use moisture-proof, multiple-wall paper bags or plastic bags if they are strong enough to avoid breakage, and if they can be sealed immediately after filling in such a manner as to eliminate excess air in the sample and avoid moisture a

46、bsorption and aeration of the sample. Samples shall be treated as described in Section 8. Air Hole520 mm 201/2in.210 mm 81/4in.51 mm 2 in.64 mm21/2in.730 mm 283/4in.Brass TubingHardwood HandleApproximate Volume = 320 mL 19.6 in.332mm Dia11/4in.Dia 2016 by the American Association of State Highway an

47、d Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-3a R 71-6 AASHTO 8. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE 8.1. Before testing, pass each sample through an 850-m (No. 20) sieve, or any other sieve having approximately the same size openings, to mix the sample, break up

48、 lumps, and remove foreign material. Do not include the foreign materials and hardened lumps that do not break up on sieving or brushing in the sample to be tested. Store the cement in airtight moisture-proof containers to prevent aeration or absorption of moisture prior to test. 9. AMOUNT OF TESTIN

49、G 9.1. GeneralWhen required, the purchaser shall specify the amount of testing for the following specification-specific requirements: 9.1.1. Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cement (ASTM C186) for optional limits specified in Specifications M 85, M 240M/M 240, and ASTM C1157/C1157M; 9.1.2. Alkali Reactivity (ASTM C227) for optional limits specified in Specifications M 240M/M 240 and C1157/C1157M; 9.1.3. Sulfate Resistance (ASTM C1012/C1012M) for optional limits specified