ACI 363R-2010 Report on High-Strength Concrete《高强度水泥报告》.pdf

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1、ACI 363R-10Reported by ACI Committee 363Report on High-Strength ConcreteReport on High-Strength ConcreteFirst PrintingMarch 2010ISBN 978-0-87031-254-0American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This m

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3、rrors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionallyfind information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may beincomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents arerequested to contact A

4、CI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata atwww.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recomm

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9、ety and Health Administration (OSHA) healthand safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annu

10、ally revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 363R-10 supersedes ACI 363R-92 and was adopted and published March 2010.Copyright 2010, American Concrete Insti

11、tute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval

12、system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.363R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, and Commentariesare intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing,and inspecting construction. This document is intended for theuse of individuals who are

13、competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendationsand who will accept responsibility for the application of thematerial it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaimsany and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Instituteshall not be liable f

14、or any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engine

15、er.Report on High-Strength ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 363ACI 363R-10This report summarizes currently available information about high-strength concrete (HSC). Topics discussed include selection of materials,concrete mixture proportions, ordering, batching, mixing, transporting,placing, qualit

16、y control, concrete properties, structural design, economicconsiderations, and applications.Keywords: concrete properties; economic considerations; high-strengthconcrete; material selection; mixture proportions; structural applications;structural design; quality control.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction

17、, p. 363R-21.1Historical background1.2Definition of high-strength concrete1.3Scope of reportChapter 2Notation, definitions, and acronyms,p. 363R-32.1Notation2.2Definitions2.3AcronymsChapter 3Selection of material, p. 363R-53.1Introduction3.2Cementitious materials3.3Admixtures3.4Aggregates3.5WaterRon

18、ald G. Burg William M. Hale Jaime Morenco Robert C. SinnJames E. Cook Jerry S. Haught Charles K. Nmai Peter G. SnowDaniel Cusson Tarif M. Jaber Clifford R. Ohlwiler Konstantin SobolevPer Fidjestl Daniel C. Jansen Michael F. Pistilli Houssam A. ToutanjiSeamus F. Freyne Anthony N. Kojundic William F.

19、Price Dean J. White IIBrian C. Gerber Federico Lopez Flores Henry G. Russell John T. Wolsiefer Sr.Shawn P. Gross Mark D. Luther Michael T. Russell Paul ZiaNeil P. Guptill Barney T. Martin Jr. Ava ShypulaMichael A. CaldaroneChairJohn J. MyersSecretary363R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 4Concrete mixtu

20、re proportions,p. 363R-104.1Introduction4.2Strength required4.3Test age4.4Water-cementitious material ratio4.5Cementitious material content4.6Air entrainment4.7Aggregate proportions4.8Proportioning with supplementary cementitiousmaterials and chemical admixtures4.9Workability4.10Trial batchesChapter

21、 5Ordering, batching, mixing, transporting, placing, curing, and quality-control procedures,p. 363R-195.1Introduction5.2Ordering5.3Batching5.4Mixing5.5Transporting5.6Placing procedures5.7Curing5.8Quality control and testingChapter 6Properties of high-strength concrete,p. 363R-236.1Introduction6.2Str

22、ess-strain behavior in uniaxial compression6.3Modulus of elasticity6.4Poissons ratio6.5Modulus of rupture6.6Splitting tensile strength6.7Fatigue behavior6.8Unit density6.9Thermal properties6.10Heat evolution due to hydration6.11Strength gain with age6.12Resistance to freezing and thawing6.13Abrasion

23、 resistance6.14Shrinkage6.15Creep6.16Permeability6.17Scaling resistance6.18Fire resistanceChapter 7Structural design considerations, p.363R-357.1Introduction7.2Concentrically loaded columns7.3Beams and one-way slabs7.4Prestressed concrete beams7.5Eccentrically loaded columnsChapter 8Economic conside

24、rations, p. 363R-478.1Introduction8.2Cost studies8.3Selection of materials8.4Quality control8.5ConclusionsChapter 9Applications, p. 363R-519.1Introduction9.2Buildings9.3Bridges9.4Offshore structures9.5Other applicationsChapter 10Summary, p. 363R-54Chapter 11References, p. 363R-5511.1Referenced stand

25、ards and reports11.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1Historical backgroundThe use and definition of high-strength concrete (HSC)has seen a gradual and continuous development over manyyears. In the 1950s, concrete with a compressive strength of5000 psi (34 MPa) was considered high strength. In

26、 the1960s, concrete with compressive strengths of 6000 and7500 psi (41 and 52 MPa) were produced commercially. In theearly 1970s, 9000 psi (62 MPa) concrete was produced.Today, compressive strengths approaching 20,000 psi(138 MPa) have been used in cast-in-place buildings.Laboratory researchers usin

27、g special materials and processeshave achieved “concretes” with compressive strengths inexcess of 116,000 psi (800 MPa) (Schmidt and Fehling 2004).As materials technology and production processes evolve, it islikely the maximum compressive strength of concrete willcontinue to increase and HSC will b

28、e used in more applications.Demand for and use of HSC for tall buildings began in the1970s, primarily in the U.S.A. Water Tower Place inChicago, IL, which was completed in 1976 with a height of859 ft (260 m) and used 9000 psi (62 MPa) specifiedcompressive strength concrete in the columns and shearwa

29、lls. The 311 South Wacker building in Chicago,completed in 1990 with a height of 961 ft (293 m), used12,000 psi (83 MPa) specified compressive strength concretefor the columns. In their time, both buildings held the recordfor the worlds tallest concrete building. Two Union Squarein Seattle, WA, comp

30、leted in 1989, holds the record for thehighest specified compressive strength concrete used in abuilding at 19,000 psi (131 MPa).High-strength concrete is widely available throughout theworld, and its use continues to spread, particularly in the FarEast and Middle East. All of the tallest buildings

31、constructedin the past 10 years have some structural contribution fromHSC in vertical column and wall elements. The worldstallest building, at 1670 ft (509 m), is Taipei 101 in Taiwan,completed in 2004. The structural system uses a mix of steeland concrete elements, with specified concrete compressi

32、vestrengths up to 10,000 psi (69 MPa) in composite columns.Petronas Towers 1 and 2, completed in 1998 in KualaLumpur, Malaysia, used concrete with specified cubestrengths up to 11,600 psi (80 MPa) in columns and shearwalls. At the time of this report, these towers are the secondand third tallest bui

33、ldings in the world, both at 1483 ft (452 m).The worlds tallest building constructed entirely with areinforced concrete structural system is the CITIC PlazaHIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE 363R-3building in Guangzhou, Peoples Republic of China, with aheight of 1283 ft (391 m). Trump World Tower in New YorkCit

34、y, reportedly the worlds tallest residential building at861 ft (262 m) and completed in 2001, is constructed usinga concrete system alone with columns having specifiedcompressive strengths up to 12,000 psi (83 MPa). In 2005,construction began on Burj Dubai tower in Dubai, UAE. Witha height exceeding

35、 1969 ft (600 m), this all-concrete residentialstructure, scheduled for completion in 2009, will use concretewith specified cube strengths up to 11,600 psi (80 MPa).The use of HSC in bridges began in the U.S. in the mid-1990s through a series of demonstration projects. Thehighest specified concrete

36、compressive strength is 14,700 psi(101 MPa) for prestressed concrete girders of the NorthConcho River Overpass in San Angelo, TX. High-strengthconcrete has also been used in long-span box-girder bridgesand cable-stayed bridges. There are also some very significantapplications of HSC in offshore stru

37、ctures. These includeprojects such as the Glomar Beaufort Sea I drilling structure,the Heidrun floating platform in the North Sea, and theHibernia offshore concrete platform in Newfoundland,Canada. In many offshore cases, HSC is specified because ofthe harsh environments in which these structures ar

38、e located(Kopczynski 2008).1.2Definition of high-strength concreteIn 2001, Committee 363 adopted the following definitionof HSC:concrete, high-strengthconcrete that has a specifiedcompressive strength for design of 8000 psi (55 MPa) orgreater.When the original version of this report was produced in

39、1992,ACI Committee 363 adopted the following definition of HSC:concrete, high-strengthconcrete that has a specifiedcompressive strength for design of 6000 psi (41 MPa) orgreater.The new value of 8000 psi (55 MPa) was selected becauseit represented a strength level at which special care is requiredfo

40、r production and testing of the concrete and at which specialstructural design requirements may be needed. As technologyprogresses and the use of concrete with even higher compressivestrengths evolves, it is likely that the definition of high-strength concrete will continue to be revised.Although 80

41、00 psi (55 MPa) was selected as the lowerlimit, it is not intended to imply that there is a drastic changein material properties or in production techniques that occurat this compressive strength. In reality, all changes that takeplace above 8000 psi (55 MPa) represent a process that startswith the

42、lower-strength concretes and continues into higher-strength concretes. Many empirical equations used to predictconcrete properties or to design structural members arebased on tests using concrete with compressive strengths of8000 to 10,000 psi (55 to 69 MPa). The availability of datafor higher-stren

43、gth concretes requires a reassessment of theequations to determine their applicability with higher-strength concretes. Consequently, caution should be exercisedin extrapolating empirical relationships from lower-strengthto higher-strength concretes. If necessary, tests should bemade to develop relat

44、ionships for the materials or applicationsin question.The committee also recognized that the definition of HSCvaries on a geographical basis. In regions where concretewith a compressive strength of 9000 psi (62 MPa) is alreadybeing produced commercially, HSC might range from12,000 to 15,000 psi (83

45、to 103 MPa) compressive strength.In regions where the upper limit on commercially availablematerial is currently 5000 psi (34 MPa) concrete, 9000 psi(62 MPa) concrete is considered high strength. Thecommittee recognized that material selection, concretemixture proportioning, batching, mixing, transp

46、orting, placing,curing, and quality-control procedures are applicable acrossa wide range of concrete strengths. The committee agreed,however, that material properties and structural designconsiderations given in this report should be concerned withconcretes having high compressive strengths. The com

47、mitteehas tried to cover both aspects in developing this report.1.3Scope of reportBecause the definition of HSC has changed over the years,the following scope was adopted by Committee 363 for thisreport: “The immediate concern of Committee 363 shall beconcretes with specified compressive strengths f

48、or design of8000 psi (55 MPa) or greater, but for the present time,considerations shall not include concrete made using exoticmaterials or techniques.” The word “exotic” was included sothat the committee would not be concerned with concretessuch as polymer-impregnated concrete, epoxy concrete,ultra-

49、high-performance concrete; concrete with artificial,normal, and heavyweight aggregates; and reactive powderconcrete. In addition to focusing on concretes made withnonexotic materials or techniques, the committee alsoattempted to focus on concretes that were commerciallyviable rather than concretes that have only been produced inthe laboratory.CHAPTER 2NOTATION, DEFINITIONS,AND ACRONYMS2.1NotationAb= area of a single spliced bar (or wire), in.2(mm2)Acp= area enclosed by outside perimeter of concretecros