ACI 224R-2001 Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures《混凝土建筑的裂化控制》.pdf
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1、ACI 224R-01 supersedes ACI 224R-90 and became effective May 16, 2001.Copyright 2001, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed
2、, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices,and Commentaries are intended for guidance in plannin
3、g,designing, executing, and inspecting construction. Thisdocument is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations ofits content and recommendations and who will accept re-sponsibility for the application of the material it contains.The American Co
4、ncrete Institute disclaims any and all re-sponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shallnot be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in con-tract documents. If items found in this document are de-sired by the Architect/Engineer to b
5、e a part of the contractdocuments, they shall be restated in mandatory languagefor incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.224R-1Control of Cracking in Concrete StructuresACI 224R-01The principal causes of cracking and recommended crack-control proce-dures are presented. The current state of knowled
6、ge in microcracking andfracture of concrete is reviewed. The control of cracking due to dryingshrinkage and crack control in flexural members, overlays, and mass con-crete construction are covered in detail. Long-term effects on cracking areconsidered and crack-control procedures used in constructio
7、n are pre-sented. Information is presented to assist in the development of practicaland effective crack-control programs for concrete structures. Extensive ref-erences are provided.Keywords: aggregates; anchorage (structural); bridge decks; cement-aggregate reactions; concrete construction; concrete
8、 pavements; concreteslabs; cooling; corrosion; crack propagation; cracking (fracturing); crackwidth and spacing; drying shrinkage; shrinkage-compensating concrete;heat of hydration; mass concrete; microcracking; polymer-modified concrete;prestressed concrete; reinforced concrete; restraint; shrinkag
9、e; temperature;tensile stresses; thermal expansion; volume change.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction, p. 224R-2Chapter 2Crack mechanisms in concrete, p. 224R-22.1Introduction2.2Compressive microcracking2.3FractureChapter 3Control of cracking due to drying shrinkage, p. 224R-113.1Introduction3.2Cause of c
10、racking due to drying shrinkage3.3Drying shrinkage3.4Factors controlling drying shrinkage of concrete3.5Control of shrinkage cracking3.6Shrinkage-compensating concreteChapter 4Control of cracking in flexural members, p. 224R-174.1Introduction4.2Crack-control equations for reinforced concrete beams4.
11、3Crack control in two-way slabs and plates4.4Tolerable crack widths versus exposure conditions inreinforced concrete4.5Flexural cracking in prestressed concrete4.6Anchorage-zone cracking in prestressed concrete4.7Crack control in deep beams4.8Tension crackingReported by ACI Committee 224Mohamed Abou
12、-Zeid David W. Fowler*Edward G. Nawy*John H. Allen Grant T. Halvorsen Randall W. Poston*James P. Barlow Will Hansen*Royce J. RhoadsMerle E. Brander*M. Nadim Hassoun Andrew ScanlonKathy Carlson Harvey Haynes*Ernest K. Schrader*David Darwin*Paul Hedli Wimal Suaris*Fouad H. Fouad*Tony C. Liu Zenon A. Z
13、ielinskiFlorian BarthChairmanRobert J. Frosch*Secretary*Members of ACI 224 who assisted in revisions to this report.224R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 5Long-term effects on cracking, p. 224R-245.1Introduction5.2Effects of long-term loading5.3Environmental effects5.4Aggregate and other effects5.5Use
14、of polymers in improving cracking characteristicsChapter 6Control of cracking in overlays,p. 224R-256.1Introduction6.2Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) overlays6.3Latex- and epoxy-modified concrete overlays6.4Polymer-impregnated concrete (PIC) systems6.5Epoxy and other polymer concrete overlaysChapter
15、 7Control of cracking in mass concrete, p. 224R-287.1Introduction7.2Methods of crack control7.3Design7.4Construction7.5OperationChapter 8Control of cracking by proper construction practices, p. 224R-348.1Introduction8.2Restraint8.3Shrinkage8.4Settlement8.5Construction8.6Specifications to minimize dr
16、ying shrinkage8.7ConclusionChapter 9References, p. 224R-399.1Referenced standards and reports9.2Cited references9.3Other referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONCracks in concrete structures can indicate major structuralproblems and detract from the appearance of monolithicconstruction. There are many specif
17、ic causes of cracking.This report presents the principal causes of cracking and adetailed discussion of crack-control procedures. The reportconsists of eight chapters designed to help the engineer andthe contractor in developing crack-control measures.This report is an update of previous committee r
18、eports(ACI Committee 224 1972, 1980, 1990). ACI Bibliogra-phy No. 9 supplemented the original ACI 224R (1971). TheCommittee has also prepared reports on the causes, evaluation,and repair of cracking, ACI 224.1R; cracking of concrete in di-rect tension, ACI 224.2R; and joints in concrete construction
19、,ACI 224.3R.In this revision of the report, Chapter 2 on crack mechanismshas been revised extensively to reflect the interest and attentiongiven to aspects of fracture mechanics of concrete during the1980s. Chapter 3 on drying shrinkage has been rewritten.Chapter 4 has been revised to include update
20、d informationon crack-width predictive equations, cracking in partiallyprestressed members, anchorage zone cracking, and flexuralcracking in deep flexural members. Chapter 6 on concreteoverlays has been reorganized and revised in modest detailto account for updated information on fiber reinforcement
21、and on polymer-modified concrete. Chapter 7 on massconcrete has been revised to consider structural consequencesmore extensively. CHAPTER 2CRACK MECHANISMS IN CONCRETE2.1IntroductionCracking plays an important role in concretes response toload in both tension and compression. The earliest studies of
22、the microscopic behavior of concrete involved the responseof concrete to compressive stress. That early work showedthat the stress-strain response of concrete is closely associatedwith the formation of microcracks, that is, cracks that form atcoarse-aggregate boundaries (bond cracks) and propagateth
23、rough the surrounding mortar (mortar cracks) (Hsu, Slate,Sturman, and Winter 1963; Shah and Winter 1966; Slate andMatheus 1967; Shah and Chandra 1970; Shah and Slate1968; Meyers, Slate, and Winter 1969; Darwin and Slate1970), as shown in Fig. 2.1.During early microcracking studies, concrete was cons
24、ideredto be made up of two linear, elastic brittle materials; cementpaste and aggregate; and microcracks were considered to bethe major cause of concretes nonlinear stress-strain behaviorin compression (Hsu, Slate, Sturman, and Winter 1963; Shahand Winter 1966). This picture began to change in the19
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