How to write a scientific paper.ppt

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1、English Writing of Science Papers & Reports,Part I Academic Writing Part II Practical Writing,I. Academic Writing,Research paper Short communication Thesis or dissertation Poster or oral presentation Conference proceedings Review article Book review,I. Academic Writing,Research paper Short communica

2、tion Thesis or dissertation Poster or oral presentation Conference proceedings Review article Book review,II Practical Writing,Formal letters ( letters of enquiries, application letters, letters of recommendation) Resume Email Fax Memorandum Research proposal Feasibility report Design report Report

3、(progress report, periodic report, final report, laboratory report, invitation for bids and bid proposal),Part I Academic Writing General elements,General elements,Preparing the Title,Not too long(国际标准化组织规定不超过8个单词)简洁,恰当 No need to make sentence Meaningful, make sense, specific do not use excess word

4、s: (论、议、浅谈、研究、调查、探讨、考略、初论) a study of、 an experimental investigation of、 a survey of 、 research on 、 discussion on;a novel/new type theory 、 a new type method (design);标题中尽量使用专业性术语-有利于被同一领域读者了解-有利于提高该论文的检索率-有利于控制字数,Preparing the Title,Research on controllable air room for motorcycle motor performanc

5、e testControllable Admission Chamber of Motorcycle MotorNovel design of nanometer metrology-STMNanometer Metrology-STM,Preparing the Title,题目中用得最多的通常是名词及名词性词组,包括动名词: Developing coal mining technology of the 21st century 开始的冠词可以省略: The use/Use of optical microscopic 一般不用介词短语,但可用on 引导的短语,意为“论”:On the

6、reliability of porcelain bushing in internal-combustion engine 一般不包含从句,但也有例外,不过从句一定要简短:Temperature and pressure measurements of an ideal gas that is heated in a closed container 勿滥用缩略词语（简称）和符号应是国际(或国内)标准组织提出的, 本专业中广为人知的。避免用化学结构式、数学公式，不为同行熟悉的符号、简称、缩写。,Preparing the Title,- New techniques in carbon ma

7、terials- The use of optical microscopic techniques in new carbon materials- Use of optical microscopic techniques in characterizing new carbon material- Interactive petrology: an introduction of concepts and applications using virtual microscopy as an analytical tool for computer modeling of physica

8、l and geological processes,Preparing the Title,Title and SubtitleComposition Analysis of Milk with Near Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy Methods of Analyzing Milk Composition：Near Infrared Diffuse Reflection SpectroscopyMethods of Analyzing Milk Composition-Near Infrared,Preparing the Title,

9、拟题写文章重新确定题目 题目形式：悬垂题目（hanging title）：colon； dash Analysis of atmospheric particulate matter： petrological and chemical approach陈述句题目（sentence title）问句题目 （question title）系列题目 （series title）页首题目 （running title 或 running head）栏外题目，出现在页眉（top of the page）上,Preparing the Title,题目性质：说明性的题目（indicative title

10、s）Application of organic petrology in the brake industry结论性的题目（conclusive title）Relation between lake eutrophication and nitrogen losses from paddy,Authorship and affiliation,Zhu，Yinmei （Yinmei Zhu）（Zhu Yinmei）（Zhu Yin Mei） LIU Lin （Liu，Lin） （Liu Lin） Keywords一般 2 至 8 个， 一般用名词或名词性的词组，不用动词。 crystalli

11、ze crystallization 同义词、近义词不能并列为关键词 不以化学分子式或数学公式作关键词,How to List Authors,British journals: alphabetical. Other journals: order reflects authors amount of input on paper. If equal input, gracious senior scientist will give first authorship to a junior colleague. Full names (some journals want initials

12、),Footnotes to Addresses,Grant funding numbers and sponsoring organization. If author has moved by time of publication: “present address”. If graduate student or someone who left research group is first author: “to whom all correspondence should be addressed”.,摘 要,期刊论文摘要 学位论文摘要 会议论文摘要 概要（向管理人员简要汇报项目

13、的结果、进展，或得到批准、资助）,摘要,Abstract面向专业读者的摘要，如dissertation ，journal paper，conference paper，poster Summary一般指面向专业水平低一些的普通读者的摘要，读后能理解其大意、主要论点及新发现和见解等。有时Abstract 和Summary也可互换。如果前面有Abstract ，Summary经常位于文章最后，功能相当于conclusion。 Executive summary通常指面向专业水平可能更低的公司、基金会决策人员的摘要，篇幅比Abstract 、 Summary 长得多。在正式项目报告中可以既有Abst

14、ract，又有 executive summary。,Abstract,Enables readers to identify basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and to decide whether they need to read entire document.,Abstract,Specific, concise and must stand alone from the rest of the paper. Shou

15、ld include no abbreviations, acronyms, or citations of other papers.,Abstract,空间位置：在前 写作时间：在后 语言：简练、准确、自然 Summarizes major parts of paper. Mini version or skeleton of the paper,摘要的特点,(1)篇幅短小 250500词较短论文：正文长度5%较长论文：正文长度3%Biological Abstract 3%Physical Review 5%Revue de Geological 5pages 125words25pag

16、es 250words数学，化学论文 200 words,摘要的特点,(2)概括完整，语言精练研究目的、方法、成果、结论不是简单地对论文标题加以扩展，对那些不通读论文，只使用索引或摘要刊物进行研究的读者来说，一个完整概括的摘要非常重要。避免列举例证等需要在正文中涉及的细节based on great efforts on a lot of experiments during a long period of two yearsbased on two years experiments,摘要的特点,（3）用词规范 用正规的英语和标准的科技词汇,不能口语化 不使用图表、符号、结构式、脚注、尾注

17、，避免缩略语 不用第一人称，用第三人称 时态：叙述实验方法、结果时常用过去时态、现在完成时描述性摘要通常用一般现在时 语态：被动语态为主，主动语态为辅,摘要的特点,（4）内容具体每一个论点都具体鲜明表达清楚。不能笼统地说该论文与什么问题有关。语言使用：具体准确It can reduce the noise and power dissipation of a filter.The noise and power dissipation of a filter are about 17dB and 12dB lower than,摘要的形式,DescriptiveInformativeDescr

18、iptive and Informative,descriptive:,Comparison of different soil reclamation methods in Geevor Mine Abstract: This paper aims to evaluate the three land reclamation methods applied to the reconstruction of contaminated lands in Geevor Mine, Cornwall in recent years. Methods of evaluation are discuss

19、ed and the results of the three land reclamation methods are compared and contrasted. Conclusions as to the effectiveness of the three methods are given, together with suggested recommendations for further studies.,描述性（陈述性）摘要,通常只描述论文的要点，而不写出研究的结果和结论的细节内容 1，作者以旁观者的角度，站在论文以外的立场上来介绍论文，使用的是描述性的语言。An int

20、egration simulation is proposed to, It demonstrates, This paper introduces, In this method. 2，只进行一般性的描述和介绍，没有实质内容，不列举具体的实验方法和数据。 3，篇幅不长，仅是对论文题目的补充和说明。 4，常使用一般现在时进行描述,Informative:,题目说明论文主题研究的背景研究方法研究结果结论,Comparison of different soil reclamation methods in Geevor MineABSTRACT： This paper evaluates the

21、 three land reclamation methods applied to the reconstruction of contaminated lands in Geevor Mine, Cornwall in recent years. With 3871 ha of land associated with metalliferous mining and processing in Cornwall, high contents of heavy metals always exist in the land. Thus land reclamation has been a

22、n important task in Cornwall.For the investigation, three differently remedied plots and one comparison plot were selected and the main physical and chemical properties of the soils were tested. The plot with the topsoil removed was still of high contaminants and low pH value. The plot remedied by u

23、sing industrial mineral amendments showed a reduction in contaminants and a buffering of pH, but it still had level of metals. The subsoil covered plot showed the lowest content of contaminants, which was less than the threshold value.It is concluded that remedies with industrial minerals and subsoi

24、l are effective for reclaiming contaminated lands in Cornwall.,资料性（报道性）摘要,具体报道论文研究的目的、方法和结果 1，作者以主观者的角度，站在原论文的立场上来介绍论文，不使用描述性的语言。 2，包含实质性内容，对实验的材料、目的、方法、结果和结论都有摘录。 3，不仅是对题目的补充说明，也提供论文梗概和关键性的内容。 4，涉及到具体实验的材料、方法及结果时，多用过去时态。,Descriptive 类似目录,只列出文章内容,不涉及实质性问题.让读者读后决定是否需要通读全文. 用于文摘、会议报告、政府报告、以及评论性文章,Info

25、rmative 全文的缩影,常常能代替论文全文.用于研究性论文中,是最常用的类型.,Descriptive and Informative 有时可在资料性摘要中加入描述性成分.,资料性摘要（informative）:,回答：why to study，what to study，how to study，how the conclusions are made 1, Presents the principle objective or scope of investigation. (要注意同论文的关联性，不要介绍众所周知的宏观背景) 2, Describe methodology emplo

26、yed：experimental technique，analytical method，design technique，system design. 3, Summarize results: Experimental findings, theoretical breakthrough, improved design, improved system. 4, State principle conclusions. (通常12主要结论) 5, Makes recommendations or discusses the implications of the report to whi

27、ch it is attached.,资料性摘要（informative）:,资料性的摘要重点介绍研究成果和结论。这类摘要至少应包括三部分内容：（1）说明论文研究的背景或论文所涉及领域存在的问题； （2）论文解决的问题或研究的方法; （3）得出的主要结果或结论。,Abstract: Objective,The first sentence of an abstract states why a project was carried out and/or why the report was written.(This sentence by itself is often called a

28、descriptive abstract; it is sometimes found below the title of a scientific paper, as in Scientific American.)The materials and methods used in a study are usually not focused upon in an abstract,but they can be included in the first sentence.,Examples:,The formation of nitrogen compounds in engine

29、exhaust gas was investigated.Time-lapse photography was used to study cell-cycle progression and cell-division abnormalities in rat 9L brain tumor cells after treatment in culture with 2 g/ml of 1,3 bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea(BCNU).,描述目的,描述目的,描述目的,描述观察角度,1). from the angle of 2). in the light

30、 of the context that 3). to view something at a different angle/from various angles 4). from the point of view of 5). from the perspective of,描绘方法,1). Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using 2). This is a theory based on the idea that 3). Several sets of experiments have been per

31、formed to test the validity of 4). The method used in our study is known as 5). The technique the author adopted is referred to as 6). The approach taken in the investigation is called 7). The experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in ,Abstract: Results and conclusions,The second s

32、entence (or part) of an informative abstract describes the actual results and/or conclusions of the report.,描述结果,1). The results show/indicate that 2). The results are as follows : 3). The analysis of the samples indicates that 4). We found that 5). Data suggested that (从句中不用虚拟语气) 6). It is shown th

33、at 7). Based on / upon the outcome / findings / results of the research, 8). The results / findings / observations have shown that 9). The outcome has proved that 10). The data obtained seem to be very similar to those reported earlier by 11). The author,描述结论,1). This is particularly true of 2). It

34、is widely /universally /generally /accepted that 3). It can be concluded /acknowledged that 4). The examination /investigation proves that 5). In summing up it may be stated that 6). All the preliminary results throw light on the nature of 7). These findings of the research have naturally led the au

35、thor to the conclusion that ,Abstract: Recommendations or implications,The third sentence (or part) of an abstract discusses the implications of the findings and/or makes recommendations based on those findings.,Abstract,The abstract is usually about 6 to 8 lines long, representing 2 to 5 percent of

36、 the total paper, and 250 words, and it usually has the form of a paragraph. However, different publications have their own styles, and the abstract is sometimes broken into short paragraphs.,Pedosphere Abstract,An informative, self-explanatory, less than 250 words abstract should be specific, telli

37、ng why and how the study was made, what the results were, and why they were important. Use quantitative terms where possible.,Acknowledgement,感谢为实验、研究及论文写作提供 financial support, technical help 的单位和个人。表现了作者的修养和礼貌。 不要罗嗦，感谢“谁”及“为什么致谢”即可。For，I would like to thank the following people： 长篇论文：在摘要或术语表之后，引言之前

38、。 短篇论文：在文章最后一段鸣谢即可。 可写上小标题 Acknowledgements，也可不写。The authors thank XXX and YYY in Dept. of for,表示感谢的词,thank vt. I would also like to thankforFor contributing ideas or commenting on specific points, the author wishes to thank thankful a.to be thankful thatto be deeply thankful to somebody for Thanks

39、n. 前面可用best, cordial, heatfelt, hearty, sincere,等形容词修饰to acknowledge/express/convey/extend/give/present/tender ones thanks forto owe somebody thanksThanks go/are due/are owed to somebody forThe author wishes to express his most sincere thanks to ,whoTremendous thanks are extended to for the valuble

40、advice he gave me during,表示感谢的词,appreciate vt. to deeply/gratefully/highly/appreciate ones valuable/kind help/advice during appreciation n.to express/show ones appreciation for something acknowledge vt. to acknowledge something acknowledgement n.to express/give/owe/send ones best/grateful/sincere/sp

41、ecial/warm acknowledgement to for grateful a.to be deeply/very/particularly grateful to forFor the support and organization of the program at University of , I am grateful to gratitude n.to express ones warm/heartfelt gratitude to forHis generous and selfless assistance deserves our deepest gratitud

42、e.He certainly merits our gratitude. Indebted a. Indebtedness n.,Contents,Abstract I List of Illustrations III Glossary of Terms and abbreviations IV Acknowledgements Introduction and Overview 1 . 42.1 . 42.2 82.2.1 ConclusionsReferencesAppendices Appendix 1 A-1Appendix 2 A-2,Introduction,Concisely

43、states why you did the research and puts your work into the context of previous research. Keep it short and simple.,Introduction 前言/引言/序言/绪论/导论,写作背景 立题依据 文章主题 研究目的 勾勒文章的基本轮廓 体现出个体同整体之间的关系：,把握论文的研究课题同该专业、学科领域内他人研究之间的关系 正确反映论文的研究课题在该专业、学科当前研究 中的位置,Introduction,介绍课题目前的状况及现在存在的问题，或指出现有知识技术的缺陷和局限性，或说明自己研

44、究的目的和意义。 why is topic important? Present nature and scope of problem investigated. Review pertinent literature to orient readers.Do not write comprehensive review of literature. Cite only significant papers that together show that a problem or question exists. State specific aim(s) of project. State

45、 methods of investigation. Include enough information to help readers appreciate work; establish background, context and relevance of your study.,Review of literature （Literature review）,Tertiary sources（三级资料）：教科书，专著（权威性） Secondary sources （二级资料）：首先查找系统性较强的综述文章，源于一级资料 Primary sources （一级资料）： review

46、以此为主学术期刊上的文章、论文及报告，第一手资料,Review of literature,不能照抄原文，要用自己的话转述，再加上恰当的评述。Green(1995) discovered; In 2000,Black conducted experiments and discovered that; Later Brown(2003) illustrated this in There seems to be general agreement on X,(for example, White 1994, Brown 1995, Black 2000, Green 1995), but Gr

47、een(1998) sees X as a consequence of Y, while Black (2000)puts X and Y as Although Greens work has some limitations in that it, its main value lies in Recent advances in ,however, have led to Therefore it is universally believed that 列出本专业领域内进行过、正在进行研究的学者及其主要贡献。恰当地引用权威人士的话语、数据或评论支撑自己的观点。如：In this ar

48、ea, Dr. Yu is the chief contributor who has thrown light upon Prof. Wu is quite right when he says “”, which enlightens us on ,Review of literature,肯定成就后，指出不同学者的研究之间的相似性、矛盾性、含混性及理论、技术方面的空白。评述现有的知识、研究技术或材料的局限性、缺陷或需要进一步完善、研究的方面。The question arises as to whetherNevertheless，the cause of still remains u

49、nexplained.Unfortunately, he failed to brush away the ambiguity ofRecent studies, however, have shown this theory is not inconsistent withThere have been, however, few studies thatBut it is not know whetherHowever, the mechanism/correlation of is not well understood.Despite the recent progress reviewed in , there is no generally accepted explanation aboutThe major problem that is the undesirable effect exerted bySo far there us not enough convincing evidence that showsThe data available in literature failed to prove thatThe theory of failed to explain the reason why the difference between,