Chapter 24- Substance Abuse.ppt
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1、Chapter 24: Substance Abuse,Substance abuse has no place in athletics There is an increasing number of athletes engaging in substance abuse Use and abuse of substances can have a profound effect on performance Both positive and negative Use of performance enhancing and street drug use occurs through
2、out athletics, on various levels,Performance Enhancing Drugs,Drug use designed to improve performance is known as doping Doping “Administration or use of substances in any form alien to the body, or of physiological substances in abnormal amounts and with abnormal methods by healthy persons with the
3、 exclusive aim of attaining an artificial and unfair increase in performance in sports.”,Stimulants Used to increase alertness, reduce fatigue, increase competitiveness and hostility Some respond with loss of judgment that may lead to personal injury or injury to others,Amphetamines Extremely potent
4、 and dangerous Injected, inhaled, taken as tablets Most widely used for performance enhancement Can produce euphoria w/ heightened mental status until fatigue sets in, accompanied by nervousness, insomnia, and anorexia In high doses, will reduce mental activity and decrease performance Athlete may b
5、ecome irrational chronic use causing individual to become “hung up” in state of repetitious behavioral sequences,Can lead to amphetamine psychosis, manifesting in auditory and visual hallucinations and delusions Physiologically, high doses can cause abnormal pupil dilation, increased blood pressure,
6、 hyperreflexia and hyperthermia Athletes believe that it promotes quickness and endurance, delay fatigue, and increases confidence Research indicates that it may increase the risk of injury, exhaustion and circulatory collapse,Caffeine Found in coffee, tea, cocoa and cola CNS stimulant, diuretic and
7、 stimulates gastric secretion In moderation it will cause wakefulness and mental alertness Large amounts will cause elevated blood pressure, changes in heart rate, increased plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and renin - impacting coordination, sleep, mood, behavior and thinking processes,
8、Habitual user that ceases use may go through withdrawal - sufferer headache, drowsiness, lethargy, rhinorrhea, irritability, nervousness, depression and lost interest in work Believed to act as ergogenic aid during prolonged activity Also acts as a diuretic when hydration may be important,Narcotic A
9、nalgesic Drugs Derived from opium or synthetic opiates Morphine and codeine are examples Used for management of moderate/severe pain Risk physical and psychological dependencyBeta Blockers Primarily used for hypertension and heart disease. Used for sports requiring steadiness Relax blood vessels, sl
10、ows heart rate and decreases cardiac output,Diuretics Used for variety of cardiovascular and respiratory conditions In sports, misused for weight loss or to decrease a drugs concentration in urine Certain classes banned for ethical and health grounds,Anabolic Steroids Synthetic chemical (structure r
11、esembles sex hormone, testosterone) Androgenic effects Growth, development and maintenance of reproductive tissues, masculinization Anabolic effects Protein synthesis - causing increased muscle mass and weight, general growth and bone maturation Goal is to maximize this effect Can have deleterious a
12、nd irreversible effects causing major threats to health Use most commonly seen in sports that involve strength and power,In prepubescent boys Decrease in ultimate height, cessation of long bone growth, acne, deepening of the voice (hirsutism), and swelling of the breasts (gynecomastia) Ingestion by
13、females Hirsutism Increases in duration and dose increases the likelihood of androgen effects Abuse may lead to liver and prostate cancer and heart disease,Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Produced by anterior pituitary and released into circulatory system Amount released varies with age Can be produced s
14、ynthetically Results in increases muscle mass, skin thickness, connective tissue in muscle, organ weight Can produce lax muscles and ligaments during periods of growth and alterations in bone growth,Can cause premature closing of growth plates, acromegaly which may also result in diabetes mellitus,
15、cardiovascular disease, goiter, menstrual disorders, decreased sexual desire and impotence No proof that increased HGH and weight training contributes to strength and muscle hypertrophy,Androstenedione Weak androgen produced primarily in testes and in lesser amounts by adrenal cortex and ovaries Inc
16、reases testosterone in men and particularly women Effects last a few hours No scientific evidence to support or rebuke efficacy or safety of using this ergogenic aid,Blood Reinjection (Blood Doping, Packing or Boosting) Endurance, acclimatization and altitude make increased metabolic demands for the
17、 body, requiring increased blood volume and RBCs Can replicate physiological responses by removing 900 ml of blood and reinfusing is after 6 weeks (allows time to replenish supply) Can significantly improve performance While unethical, it can also prove to be dangerous Risks involve allergic reactio
18、ns, kidney damage, fever, jaundice, infectious disease, blood overload (circulatory or metabolic shock),Recreational Substance Abuse Among Athletes,It occurs among athletes Desire to experiment, temporarily escape, be part of the group Can be abused and habit forming Drug used for non-medical reason
19、s with the intent of getting high, or altering mood or behavior,Psychological vs. Physical Dependence Psychological dependence is the drive to repeat the ingestion to produce pleasure or avoid discomfort Physical dependence is the state of drug adaptation that manifests self in form of tolerance Tol
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