ASTM E2574E2574M-17 Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of School Bus Seat Assemblies.pdf

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1、Designation: E2574/E2574M 17 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Testing of School Bus Seat Assemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2574/E2574M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of re

2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method assesses the burning behavior ofuphols

3、tered seating used in school buses by measuring specificfire-test responses when a school bus seat specimen is sub-jected to a specified flaming ignition source under normallyventilated conditions.1.3 The ignition source is a gas burner.1.4 This fire test is primarily useful to distinguish productst

4、hat, when exposed to an ignition source, will become fullyinvolved in fire from other products that will not.1.5 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior of theseat assemblies from a specific ignition source until all burninghas ceased.1.6 This test method does not provide information on th

5、efire performance of upholstered seating in fire conditions otherthan those conditions specified.1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photo-graphic or video recordings, whenever possible.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standa

6、rd. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products,

7、or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel

8、 and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bil

9、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the W

10、orld Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5132 Test Method for Horizontal Burning Rate of Poly-meric Materials Used in Occupant Compartments ofMotor VehiclesE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Up

11、holstered Furni-tureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesF1550 Tes

12、t Method for Determination of Fire-Test-ResponseCharacteristics of Components or Composites of Mat-tresses or Furniture for Use in Correctional Facilities afterExposure to Vandalism, by Employing a Bench ScaleOxygen Consumption CalorimeterIEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for MetricPractice

13、2.2 National Safety Council Standard:3School bus seat upholstery fire block test, approved by theNational Conference on School Transportation as part ofthe National Standards for School Buses and National1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the di

14、rect responsibility of Subcommittee E05.17 on Transporta-tion.Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E2574/E2574M12a. DOI:10.1520/E2574_E2574M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.ast

15、m.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Safety Council (NSC), 1121 Spring Lake Dr., Itasca,IL 60143-3201, http:/www.nsc.org.*A Summary of C

16、hanges section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the

17、Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Standards for School Bus Operations2.3 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards:4FMVSS 222 School Bus Passenger Seating a

18、nd CrashProtection, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49,Transportation, Subtitle B, Chapter V, Part 571, Subpart B.FMVSS 302 Flammability of Interior Material, U.S. Code ofFederal Regulations, Title 49, Transportation, Subtitle B,Chapter V, Part 571, Subpart B2.4 NFPA Standard:5NFPA 286 Stand

19、ard Method of Tests for Evaluating Contri-bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room FireGrowth3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method asso-ciated with fire issues, refer to the terminology contained inTerminology E176.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 screening test, nas rel

20、ated to fire, a fire-response testperformed to determine whether a material, product, or assem-bly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-related characteristics, (b) hascertain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable ofbeing preliminarily categorized according to the fire character-istic in

21、 question.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 newspaper, nas related to this test method, standardsize double sheets of newsprint, with black print and nocolored ink or surface treatment.3.3.2 paper bag, nas related to this test method, a bagconstructed of unbleached (brown, #30

22、) kraft paper havingfour sides and a bottom, with an open top, and held togetherwith adhesive.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A mock-up of a school bus is constructed with threerows of actual seats.4.2 A gas burner ignition source is used.4.3 Each test consists of two trials. In each trial a gas burner

23、ignition source is placed at a specified location to ignite themiddle row of seats and is ignited.4.4 A different gas burner is used for the top of the seat andfor the bottom of the seat.4.5 Once flame extinction has occurred, the time to flameextinction, the extent of fire spread (within the seat a

24、nd to theother seats if applicable) and the mass loss of the seat areassessed.5. Significance and Use5.1 In this test method fire test response characteristics of aschool bus seat assembly are assessed following ignition by asquare gas burner.5.2 This test method is similar in concept to a fire test

25、currently used, and which has been in such use for many years,as the industry standard for flammability testing of school busseats (see Appendix X1). However, in this test method thepaper bag has been replaced by a gas burner as the ignitionsource.5.3 The US federal government has issued a flammabil

26、itytest applicable to interior materials in road vehicles, FM-VSS 302. FMVSS 302 remains the only regulatory test forassessing fire-test-response characteristics of school bus seats.5.4 ASTM has issued Test Method D5132 in order toprovide a more standardized way of conducting FMVSS 302.5.5 The test

27、method described in this document provides asignificantly higher challenge to school bus seats than theFMVSS 302 federal regulatory test. Therefore, any seat assem-bly that performs acceptably in this test is likely to meet therequirements of FMVSS 302.5.6 It is clear that those seat assemblies that

28、 exhibit little orno flame spread, short times to flame extinction and little massloss in this test are likely to exhibit improved performance inan actual fire situation compared to seat assemblies that burnvigorously and have high mass loss.5.7 This test is primarily useful to distinguish products

29、that,when exposed to these fire conditions, will become fullyinvolved in fire from other products that will not.6. Apparatus: Test Chamber6.1 GeneralThe test chamber shall be either an actualsection of a school bus or it shall comply with the cross sectionrequirements of 6.2.2. Fig. 1 describes the

30、test chamber.6.2 Cross Section:6.2.1 Use a test chamber that has the same cross section asthe body of an actual school bus, in which the seats areintended to be used, with a rear section on each end.6.2.2 The test chamber cross section shall be 2300 6 30 mm91 6 1 in. in width by 1900 6 80 mm 75 6 3

31、in. in height.6.3 The test chamber shall have a door, which is notintended for use to provide ventilation, in the center of eachend of the test chamber. The door shall be 970 6 80 mm 386 3 in. in width by 1270 6 80 mm 53 6 3 in. in height andit shall include a latch to keep the door closed during th

32、e test.See Fig. 1.6.4 LengthThe length of the test chamber shall be such asto allow three rows of seats at the minimum spacing recom-mended by the installer or as required by FMVSS 222. See Fig.1, Detail A.6.4.1 In order for different types of seats to be able to betested in the same chamber, a leng

33、th tolerance of plus 1140 mm45 in. shall be allowed.6.5 VentilationThere shall be two ventilation openings inthe test chamber, one at each end. Each opening shall have anopening area of 0.210 6 0.016 m2325 6 25 in.2. The bottomof the opening shall be 760 6 80 mm 30 6 3 in. above thechamber floor.4Av

34、ailable from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.E2574/E2574M 1726.5.1 There shall be no ventilation openings along thelength of th

35、e test chamber.6.5.2 There shall be no forced air ventilation system. Bafflesshall be used to prevent wind from blowing directly into theventilation openings.6.6 Camera View AreaAviewing area (such as an openingcovered with a glazing material) shall be provided at themidpoint of the chamber length f

36、or camera viewing. Theopening shall allow the camera to view the seat parallel to theseat width. See Fig. 1.7. Ignition Sources7.1 Top of the Seat:7.1.1 For the top of the seat use the square gas burnerdescribed in Figs. 2-7.NOTE 1This is essentially the same burner used in Test MethodE1537, except

37、for the arm.7.1.2 Construct the 250 6 10 by 250 6 10 mm approxi-mately 10 by 10 in. square burner of 13 6 1 mm 0.5 in.outside diameter stainless steel tubing, with 0.89 6 0.05 mm0.035 in. wall thickness (see Fig. 2). The front side shall have14 holes pointing straight out and spaced 13 6 1 mm 0.5 in

38、.apart and nine holes pointing straight down and spaced 13 6 1mm 0.5 in. apart. The right and left sides shall have six holespointing straight out and spaced 13 6 1 mm 0.5 in. apart andfour holes pointing inward at a 45 angle and spaced 50 6 2mm 2 in. apart. All holes shall be of 1 6 0.05 mm 0.039 i

39、n.diameter (see Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The burner shall havean arm 288 6 10 mm 11.3 6 0.4 in. long and welded on tothe rear of the front side (see Fig. 3) at a 30 angle. The armshall then include a vertical length before extending horizon-tally for a length appropriate for the stand being used

40、(see Figs.5-7). Mount the burner on an adjustable height pole at a heightof 460 6 13 mm 18 6 0.5 in. and balance it by acounterweight or other appropriate mechanism (see Fig. 4).NOTE 2WarningIt is common for the burner holes to becomeclogged up following a test. Inspect burner holes after each test,

41、 and cleanthoroughly, if required. Take care not to enlarge the holes when cleaningthem.7.2 Under the Seat:7.2.1 For use underneath the seat the ignition source shall bea gas burner with a nominal 305 by 305 mm nominal 12 by 12in. porous top surface as shown in Fig. 8. This material,through which th

42、e gas is supplied, shall be a minimum 102 mm4 in. layer of white Ottawa sand used to provide thehorizontal surface through which the gas is supplied.NOTE 3This is the same burner used in Test Method E2257 and inNFPA 286.FIG. 1 Test ChamberE2574/E2574M 1737.2.2 The top surface of the burner through w

43、hich the gas isapplied shall be located horizontally 300 6 50 mm 12 6 2 in.above the floor.7.3 For both ignition sources use propane gas, with a knownnet heat of combustion of 2050 6 50 kJ/mol, as a fuel for thisignition source. Meter the flow rate of propane and keep itconstant throughout the test.

44、7.4 For both ignition sources, use the gas burner at a flowrate of 19.5 6 0.25 L/min for a total of 120 s. Measure the gasflow rate at a pressure of 101 6 5 kPa (standard atmosphericpressure, measured at the flow gage) and a temperature of 20 65C.8. Mass Measurements8.1 Use a balance that is capable

45、 of assessing the mass ofthe test specimen and of the individual test specimen compo-nents with a precision of 6150 g.8.2 Calibrate the balance regularly to ensure its accuracy.9. Test Specimens9.1 The test specimen shall be a fully-assembled seat.9.2 Measure the weight of all padding and upholstery

46、 priorto assembly.9.3 Measure the weight of the non-combustible componentsof the seat (steel frame, etc.). Record this weight.NOTE 1All tubing 13 mm outside diameter, stainless steel, 0.89 mmwall thickness.NOTE 2All holes 1 mm in diameter.NOTE 3All units are mm unless otherwise noted.NOTE 4See text

47、for tolerances.FIG. 2 Plan View of Square Gas BurnerFIG. 3 Side View of Square Gas BurnerFIG. 4 Cross-sectional View of Each Side of Square Gas BurnerFIG. 5 Top Burner Placement Side ViewE2574/E2574M 1749.4 Record the weight of the fully-assembled seat. This shallbe done in one of two ways: (a) weig

48、hing the complete seatassembly or (b) weighing each component separately andcalculating the total weight by summing the weight of each ofthe combustible and non-combustible components.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Prior to running each trial, ensure that the test chamberis clean and free of debri

49、s.11. Conditioning11.1 Condition specimens to equilibrium (constant weight)at an ambient temperature of 23 6 3C 73 6 5F and arelative humidity of 50 6 5 % for a period of 24 h prior to thetest.12. Procedure12.1 Install three rows of seats in the test chamber. Thespacing between seat rows shall be the minimum spacingrecommended by the installer or the spacing required byFMVSS 222. The exact spacing between rows shall be re-ported.12.2 Seats shall be perpendicular to the dimension indicatedas “len