职称英语卫生类C级分类模拟4及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语卫生类 C级分类模拟 4及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：9，分数：100.00)New Moral Philosophies or NotIn the next century we“ll be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms. When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of

2、whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?“ Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophies? Probably not. Instead, we“ll reach again for a time tested moral concept, one sometimes called the Gold

3、en Rule and which Kant, the millennium“s most prudent moralist, conjured up into a categorical imperative: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end. Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it

4、inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans“ ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right. We should also draw a line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilitie

5、s but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual (IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality). The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the

6、 state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families. But the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, including insurance companies, can look at our genetic data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us. Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that

7、 could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might someday be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indisting

8、uishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a “dry ware“ machine, so that we could live on without the “wet ware“ of a biological brain and body. The 20th century“s revolution in information technology will thereby merge with the 21st century“s revolution i

9、n biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Let“s turn the page now and get back to real science.（分数：10.00）(1).Dr. Frankenstein“s remarks are mentioned in the text _.（分数：2.00）A.to give an episode of the DNA technological breakthroughsB.to highlight the importance of a means to some everlasting end

10、sC.to show how he created a new form of life a thousand years agoD.to introduce the topic of moral philosophies incurred in biotechnology(2).It can be concluded from the text that the technology of human cloning should be employed _.（分数：2.00）A.excessively and extravagantlyB.reasonably and cautiously

11、C.aggressively and indiscriminatelyD.openly and enthusiastically(3).From the text, we learn that Aldous Huxley is of the opinion that _.（分数：2.00）A.DNA technology should be placed in the charge of individualsB.government should assume less control over individualsC.people need government to protect t

12、heir DNA informationD.old moral precepts should be abolished on human cloning(4).Judged from the information in the last paragraph, we can predict that the author is likely to write which of the following in the next section?（分数：2.00）A.The reflection upon biotechnological morality.B.The offensive in

13、vasion of our personal privacy.C.The inevitable change of IQs for our descendants.D.The present state of biotechnological research.(5).According to the last paragraph, “dry-ware“ is to “wet-ware“ as _.（分数：2.00）A.“collective“ to “individual“B.“fictional“ to “factual“C.“mechanical“ to “corporeal“D.“te

14、mporary“ to “permanent“A Sound Sleep for Good MemoryBefore a big exam, a sound night“s sleep will do you more good than poring over text-books. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish

15、between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then “edited“ at night, to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into th

16、e brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgian has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when brain and body ar

17、e active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr. Maquet used

18、an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this,

19、their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a patternwhat is referred to as “artificial grammar“. Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not. What is more

20、, those with more to learn (i.e., the “grammar“, as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The “editing“ theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjec

21、ts were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep. The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an in

22、herent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.（分数：10.00）(1).Researchers in behavio

23、ral psychology are divided with regard to _.（分数：2.00）A.how dreams are modified in their coursesB.the difference between sleep and wakefulnessC.why sleep is of great benefit to memoryD.the functions of a good night“s sleep(2).As manifested in the experimental study, rapid eye movement is characterize

24、d by _.（分数：2.00）A.intensely active brainwave tracesB.subjects“ quicker response timesC.complicated memory patternsD.revival of events in the previous day(3).By referring to the artificial grammar, the author intends to show _.（分数：2.00）A.its significance in the studyB.an inherent pattern being learnt

25、C.its resemblance to the lightsD.the importance of night“s sleep(4).In their study, researchers led by Pierre Maquet took advantage of the technique of _.（分数：2.00）A.exposing a long-held folk wisdomB.clarifying the predictions on dreamsC.making contrasts and comparisonsD.correlating effects with thei

26、r causes(5).What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day?（分数：2.00）A.Memorizing grammar with great efforts.B.Study textbooks with close attention.C.Have their brain images recorded.D.Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.“OH DEAR! Oh dear! I shall be too late!“ So muttered

27、 the White Rabbit just before he plunged into Wonderland, with Alice in pursuit. Similar utterances have been escaping the lips of European physicists, as it was confirmed last week that their own subterranean Wonderland, a new machine called the Large Hadron Collider, will not now begin work until

28、May 2008. This delay may enable their American rivals to scoop them by finding the Higgs bosonpredicted 43 years ago by Peter Higgs of Edinburgh University to be the reason why matter has mass, but not yet actually discovered. The Large Hadron Collider is a 27km-long circular accelerator that is bei

29、ng bulk at CERN, the European particle-physics laboratory near Geneva, specifically to look for the Higgs boson. When it eventually starts work, it will be the world“s most powerful particle collider. It will also be the most expensive, having cost $ 8 billion to build. The laboratory had hoped it w

30、ould be ready in 2005, but the schedule has slipped repeatedly. The most recent delay came at the end of March, with the dramatic failure of a magnet assembly that had been supplied by CERN“s American counterpart, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermi lab) near Chicago. This device was on

31、e of four designed to focus beams of particles before they collide in the experimental areas. Admittedly, it had been placed under extreme conditions when it failed, but such forces are to be expected from time to time when the machine is running normally. The magnets have yet to be fixed, although

32、physicists think they know how to do it. Other, smaller hitches have compounded the problem. The collider has been built in eight sections, each of which must be cooled to temperatures only just above absolute zero. This is because the magnets used to accelerate the particles to the high energies ne

33、eded for particle physics rely on the phenomenon of superconductivity to workand superconductivity, in turn, needs extremely low temperatures. Unfortunately, the first of the eight sections took far longer to chill than had been expected. If, as the other seven sections are cooled, further problems

34、emerge, the start date will have to be put back still further. It takes a month to cool each section, and a month to warm each one back up to normal temperatures again. If it took, say, a month to fix any problems identified as a section cooled, each cycle would postpone the start date by three mont

35、hs. To accelerate progress (as well as particles), CERN“s management decided last week to cancel an engineering run scheduled for November. Instead of beginning slowly with some safe-but-dull low-energy collisions, the machine“s first run will accelerate its particles to high energies straight away.

36、 Such haste may be wise, for rumours are circulating that physicists working at the Tevatron, which is based at Fermi lab and is currently the world“s most powerful collider, have been seeing hints of the Higgs boson. Finding it would virtually guarantee the discoverer a Nobel prizeshared jointly, n

37、o doubt, with Dr. Higgs. Hence the rush, as hundreds of physicists head down the rabbit hole, seeking their own adventures in Wonderland.（分数：10.00）(1).The sentences in Alice in Wonderland are cited in the first paragraph in order to _.（分数：2.00）A.illustrate that the new machine European physicists ha

38、ve invented is full of wonderB.describe the mood of the European physicists facing the delay of the Large Hadron ColliderC.tell people that the European physicists will put off the presentation of their new machineD.reflect the public“s eagerness in using the Large Hadron Collider(2).The word “scoop

39、“ (Line 5, Paragraph 1 most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.forestallB.defeatC.surpassD.vanquish(3).Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Peter Higgs“ contribution in this field?（分数：2.00）A.It was him who initiated the idea that there existed such a boson to make matter have mass.B.He made the

40、 famous estimate that human beings would find out such a boson in the future.C.He claimed with convincing evidence that America would outrun Europe in discovering the Higgs boson.D.It was him who first discovered the boson which makes matter have mass.(4).The schedule of the Large Hadron Collider ha

41、s slipped repeatedly because of the following reason except _.（分数：2.00）A.the device of focusing beams of particles was having a screw looseB.it took longer to cool down the superconductivity so that the collider could work normallyC.it took a very long period to make eight sections cool down or rega

42、in temperatureD.there happened a dramatic failure of a magnet assembly which was not beyond expectation(5).CERN“s management decided to have the machine“s first run accelerate its particles straight away because _.（分数：2.00）A.they are afraid that American researchers will get to see the Higgs boson a

43、head of themB.the safe-but-dull low-energy collision was too old fashionedC.they wanted to dispel the rumours that physicists at the Tevatron have been seeing hints of the Higgs bosonD.they wanted to have a try of the new way of accelerating particlesCancerUnless you have gone through the experience

44、 yourself, or watched a loved one“s struggle, you really have no idea just how desperate cancer can make you. You pray, you rage, you bargain with God, but most of all you clutch at any hope, no matter how remote, of a second chance at life. For a few excited days last week, however, it seemed as if

45、 the whole world was a cancer patient and that all humankind had been granted a reprieve. Triggered by a front-page medical news story in the usually reserved New York Times, all anybody was talking abouton the radio, on television, on the Internet, in phone calls to friends and relatives-was the re

46、port that a combination of two new drugs could, as the Times put it, cure cancer in two years. In a matter of hours patients had jammed their doctors“ phone lines begging for a chance to test the miracle cancer cure. Cancer scientists raced to the phones and fax lines to make sure everyone knew abou

47、t their research too, generating a new round of headlines. The time certainly seemed ripe for a breakthrough in cancer. Only last month scientists at the National Cancer Institute announced that they were halting a clinical trial of a drug called tamoxifenand offering it to patients getting the plac

48、ebobecause it had proved so effective at preventing breast cancer (although it also seemed to increase the risk of uterine cancer). Two weeks later came the New York Times“ report that two new drugs can shrink tumors of every variety without any side effects whatsoever. It all seemed too good to be

49、true, and of course it was. There are no miracle cancer drugs, at least not yet. At this stage all the drug manufacturer can offer is some very interesting molecules, and the only cancers they have cures so far have been in mice. By the middle of last week, even the most breathless TV talk-show hosts had learned what every scientist already knew: that curing a disease in lab animals is not the same as doing it in humans. “The history of cancer research has been a history of curing cancers in the mouse,“ Dr. Richard Klausner, he