大学英语六级-181及答案解析.doc

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1、大学英语六级-181 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)三、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)World leaders need to take action on the energy crisis that is taking shape before our eyes. Oil prices are 1 and it looks less and less likely that this is a bubble. The price of coal has doubled. Countries as far apart as South Afric

2、a and Tajikistan are plagued by power cuts. Rich states, no longer strangers to periodic blackouts (断电), are worried about 2 of energy supply. In the developing world, 1.6 billion peoplearound a quarter of the human racehave no access to electricity. I believe that fundamental changes are underway i

3、n the energy field whose significance we have not yet fully grasped. Global 3 for energy is rising fast as the population increases and developing countries such as China and India 4 dramatic economic growth. The International Energy Agency (IEA) says the world“s energy needs could be 50% higher in

4、2030 than they are today. Yet the fossil fuels on which the world still depends are finite and far from environmentally friendly. Serious thought needs to be given now to creating feasible 5 . The need for coordinated political action on energy and related issuesclimate change and alleviating povert

5、y, to name but twohas never been more 6 . Yet there is no global energy 7 in which the countries of the world can agree on joint solutions to the potentially enormous problems we see emerging. So does the world really need yet another international organization? 8 , yes. A global energy organization

6、 would complement, not replace, bodies already active in the energy field. It would bring a vital inter-governmental 9 to bear on issues that cannot be left to market forces alone, such as the development of new energy technology, the role of nuclear power, and innovative solutions for reducing poll

7、ution and greenhouse gas 10 . A. abundance B. acute C. alert D. alternatives E. demand F. emissions G. Frankly H. institution I. Particularly J. perspective K. position L. security M. soaring N. undergo O. undertake（分数：20.00）四、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Intellectual Property RightsA. The phrase intell

8、ectual property (IP) refers to the bundle of legal rights that arise from the creative genius of the human mind. IP rights play an important role in the economic prosperity of a country and serve as a motivating force for creative individuals to share their genius with society. Like real and persona

9、l property rights protect one“s ownership interest in tangible (有形的) objects, such as land and automobiles, IP rights protect one“s ownership interest in intangible objects, such as the idea behind an invention, the music score for a Broadway play and the name or logo used to brand a product. Withou

10、t enforcement of these rights in the law, it would be difficult for society to prosper and grow. In this article, you will learn what intellectual property rights are and the differences between its various forms. General Introduction B. When most people think of intellectual property rights, patent

11、s, trademarks and copyrights come to mind. This core set of IP rights reward and protect the creative works of inventors, authors, owners and sellers of goods and services in the marketplace. While the legal principles that underlie each of these rights are distinct, they each share a common set of

12、principles. C. An award of patent, trademark or copyright protection requires a delicate balance between the interests of the inventor or author and the interest of society as a whole. This balance is very much like the tradeoff required by zoning laws, which attempt to protect the ownership interes

13、t and exclusive right to use that a land owner has with society“s interest in the limited use of the owner“s land for society“s greater good. Public utility easements and right of ways are examples of this balance. D. The grant of a patent on an important invention of a lifesaving drug represents a

14、similar set of tradeoffs. Is it fair to the inventor to allow society free access to the patented drug? Is it fair to society to be denied access for its greater good? It is the role of intellectual property law to harmonize these seemingly conflicting interests. E. Intellectual property rights also

15、 foster a competitive marketplace. They do so by encouraging disclosure of innovation through protecting the fruits of that innovation for a period of time. Disclosure allows others to build and improve upon prior innovation so that the state of the art continues to evolve and develop. Without the b

16、enefits provided by intellectual property protection, the marketplace would not operate effectively. Imagine what the world would be like if every competitor had to continuously “reinvent the wheel“ rather than being able to refine and improve upon the works of others. F. Finally, intellectual prope

17、rty rights are regional in nature and the conditions of their grant and enforceability are governed by the laws of each jurisdiction (管辖区域). A US patent can be only granted and enforced in accordance with the laws of the United States. A trademark can only be registered and enforced in Canada in acc

18、ordance with the laws of Canada, and a copyright can only be registered and enforced in Mexico in accordance with its laws. While there is a desire to be somewhat uniform and consistent, countries have different approaches to intellectual property rights protection. Variations in the procedure for o

19、btaining IP rights account for a large percentage of these difference, rather than the differences in the substantive rights granted in each country. G. The words “patent“ and “trademark“ are often used interchangeably. Many times, we hear that a patent is used to protect a logo and that a trademark

20、 is used to protect an invention, and vice versa. While patents and trademarks may be associated with the same product, the two words have very different meanings and refer to very different forms of intellectual property rights. They can seldom be used interchangeably, as the underlying rights that

21、 each protects is quite different in nature. What Is a Patent? H. In general, a patent is used to protect the intellectual property rights associated with the design of a product or process. US patents are issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office and are enforceable only within the US

22、 and its possession. A US patent has no effect outside the US. A patent gives the patent owner the “exclusive right“ to stop others from making, using, selling or offering for sale the product, or process of making the product, that is described by the patent claims. It is important to note that a p

23、atent does not give the patent owner the right to exploit the patented invention himself. The patent owner has only the “exclusive right“ to stop others from doing so. I. In other words, just because you obtain a patent on your product does not mean that you can actually use the product. You may be

24、blocked by an earlier patent owner who exercises the “exclusive right“ granted to him under his patent. This is an important distinction and the following example will help to explain it. Suppose that the invention covered by your patent is a chair with four legs, a seat, a back and a pair of rocker

25、sa rocking chair. Under your patent, you have the exclusive right to stop others from making, using, selling or offering for sale your patented rocking chair. Let“s assume, however, that the rockers on your rocking chair are unique and are covered by an earlier patent to someone else. The rocker pat

26、ent owner has the exclusive right under his patent to stop others (including you) from using his patented rockers. Your use of the patented rockers on your rocking chair would constitute infringement (侵权) of the rocker patent. J. So while you received a patent for your rocking chair, you will not be

27、 able to actually make, use, sell or offer for sale the chair without first obtaining permission from the rocker patent owner. The rocker patent owner is not required to give you permission, however, and can keep your rocking chair off the market if he chooses to do so. It might make better sense, o

28、f course, for the rocker patent owner to participate in your success by giving his permission in exchange for a licensing fee. The term for a patent is 20 years from the filing date of the patent application from which leads to the patent. What Are Trademarks? K. Like patents, trademark registration

29、s in the US are issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. While a patent protects a product from unauthorized copying through the patent owner“s exclusive right to stop others from making, using, selling or offering for sale the patented product, a trademark addresses the need for pro

30、duct identification, or branding, among consumers of the product. Thus, a trademark has nothing to do with preventing a product from being copied. That is the role of a patent. L. The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a trademark as any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combinati

31、on, used, or intended to be used, in commerce to identify and distinguish the goods of one manufacturer or seller from goods manufactured or sold by others, and to indicate the source of the goods. In short, a trademark is a brand name. What Is a Copyright? M. A copyright protects the expression of

32、an idea. Unlike a patent which protects the idea itself, the copyright protects only the expression. The idea of the chair with four legs discussed above can be protected by a patent. The expression of that idea through drawings, pictures and words can be protected by a copyright. In order to qualif

33、y for copyright protection, a work must be original to the author. However, a work still qualifies for copyright protection even if it includes non-original elements. For example, if an author rearranges non-original elements in an original way, the compilation will be considered to be original and

34、qualified for copyright protection. Depending on when the work was created, the period of copyright protection begins when the work is created and terminates 70 years after the death of the author.（分数：30.00）(1).IP rights protect the logo of a product.（分数：3.00）(2).The definition of trademark mentione

35、d in the passage is made by the United States Patent and Trademark Office.（分数：3.00）(3).IP rights promote a competitive marketplace by offering protection for a certain period of time.（分数：3.00）(4).US patents are issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office and are effective only within the

36、 US and its possession.（分数：3.00）(5).The big difference among countries in IP rights protection is the procedure for obtaining IP rights.（分数：3.00）(6).The period of copyright protection is decided by the time when the work is created.（分数：3.00）(7).When awarding a patent, an important matter is the bala

37、nce between the interest of the inventor and that of the society.（分数：3.00）(8).The patent protects the idea itself while the copyright protects only the expression.（分数：3.00）(9).In the US, trademark registrations and patents are granted by the same office.（分数：3.00）(10).The inventor of the rocker chair

38、 may not be able to use the product if the rocker in the chair is protected by the rocker patent.（分数：3.00）五、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)The conclusion of a new study by sociologists from the University of Toronto won“t come as a surprise to working women: They feel more guilty than men about taking wor

39、k-related phone calls or e-mails at home. And lest you assume it“s all about work-family balance, consider that women who were single and childless also felt more guilty. Researchers looked at data from the 2005 US Work, Stress and Health Survey, which asked 1042 working adults to describe the frequ

40、ency with which “boundary-spanning“ responsibilitiessuch as calls, e-mails and texts from bosses, coworkers or clientsintruded into their home lives. Respondents also reported their levels of distress and guilt over the intrusions. The more work-related calls and e-mails women took after hours, the

41、researchers found, the more guilt and distress they had; no such increase was reported by men. Women“s guilt persisted even when their work didn“t interfere with family life. “Initially, we thought women were more distressed by frequent work contact because it interfered with their family responsibi

42、lities more so than men,“ study author Paul Glavin, a doctoral student at the University of Toronto, said in a statement. “However, this wasn“t the case. We found that women are able to juggle their work and family lives just as well as men, but they feel more guilty as a result of being contacted.

43、This guilt seems to be at the heart of their distress.“ The survey sample tended to skew older (average age 47) and female (59%), and participants were more likely to be married and to have higher education and income levels than the general population. But given the blurring of boundaries between w

44、ork and home life, the study raises important issues, especially for working women. Indeed, within the surveyed group, women consistently reported more guilt despite their type of job, income level or their particular “division of labor“ and responsibilities at home. The first step is to try to unde

45、rstand why women feel more guilty. Wrote the researchers. Despite the reality that family structures and parenting practices change with broader social and economic contexts, the gender contingencies (偶发事件) that we find in the associations between work contact and guilt and distress suggest that sal

46、ient (突出的) gender differences remain with regard to work-family role expectations. In other words, even though more men are taking part in raising the kids and doing housework, and more women are earning incomes outside the home, it“s possible that women still perceive the work-life balance differen

47、tly because of enduring gender roles. “These forces may lead some women to question or negatively evaluate their family role performance when they“re trying to navigate work issues at home,“ co-author Scott Schieman, a professor at the University of Toronto, told Reuters.（分数：25.00）(1).According to t

48、he research, women“s guilt is proportional to _.（分数：5.00）A.the number of work-related e-mails and calls at homeB.the stress from work and lifeC.the family responsibilities they shoulderD.their income levels(2).What does the word “juggle“ mean (Para. 3)?（分数：5.00）A.Confront with.B.Contact with.C.Negle

49、ct.D.Cope with.(3).Why are women more distressed by being contacted at home?（分数：5.00）A.Because it interferes with their family responsibilities.B.Because they feel more guilty as a result of being contacted.C.Because they have to raise children at home and earn money outside.D.Because they are not able to keep the balance between family and work.(4).Gender contingencies suggest that the obvious gender difference remains with respect to _.（分数：5.00）A.the family responsibilities given to the coupleB.the work that the couple are engaged inC.the discrimination from the publicD.the