大学四级-1920及答案解析.doc

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1、大学四级-1920 及答案解析(总分：713.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.眼下大学生在外租房居住的现象十分普遍2对比分析在外租房居住和住在学校宿舍的利弊3我的看法（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)A Workaholic EconomyFor the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Em

2、ployees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then, finally to eight hours, five days a week. Only a generation ago social planners worried about what people would do with all this new-found free time. In the US, at least, it

3、seems they need not have bothered. Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War . In fact, working hours have incr

4、eased noticeably since 1970-perhaps because real wages have stagnated that year. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.There are several reasons for lost leisure. Since 1970, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having em

5、ployees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel, says economist Juliet B. , Scholar of Harvard University. Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for its “jobless“ nature: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. Som

6、e firms are even down sizing as their profits climb. “All things being equal, wed be better off spreading around the work,“ observes labor economist Ronald G. Ehrenberg of Cornell University.Yet a host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels wo

7、rkers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls the structure of compensation, quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organized that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labor an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-

8、hour job.Professional and managerial employees supply the most obvious lesson along these lines. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or le

9、ave for more arable pastures. But in the short run, the employers incentive is clear.Even hourly employees receive benefits-such as pension and contributions and medical insurance-that are not tied to the number of hours they work. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existin

10、g employees harder.For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. “People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms,“ Scholar maintains. “Its taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm. “ Bailyn of Massachu

11、setts Institute of Technology adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their underlings to a firms well-being, so they use the number of hours worked as a proxy for output. “Employees know this,“ she says, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.“Although

12、 the image of the good worker is the one whose life belongs to the company,“ Bailyn says, “it doesnt fit the facts. “ She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies that show increased productivity for part-time workers: they make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to su

13、ccumb to fatigue in stressful jobs. Companies that employ more workers for less time also gain from the resulting redundancy, she asserts. “The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace. “ Positive experiences

14、with reduced hours have begun to change the more-is-better culture at some companies, Scholar reports.Larger firms, in particular, appear to be more willing to experiment with flexible working arrangement.It may take even more than changes in the financial and cultural structures of employment for w

15、orkers successfully to trade increased productivity and money for leisure time, Scholar contends. She says the U. S. market for goods has become skewed by the assumption of full-time, two-career households. Automobile makers no longer manufacture cheap models, and developers do not build the tiny bu

16、ngalows that served the first post-war generation of home buyers. Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor. U.S. goods are appropriate only for high incomes and long hours.（分数：70.00）(1).Bailyn argues that it is better for a company to employ more workers because _.A. i

17、t is easy to make excess staff redundantB. crises occur if you are under-staffedC. people are available to cover the contingenciesD. theycan project appositive image at work（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Scholar thinks it will be difficult for workers in the U. S. to reduce their working hours because _.A. th

18、ey would not be able to afford cars or homeB. employers are offering high incomes for long hoursC. the future is dependent on technological advancesD. they do not wish to return to the humble post-war era（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Among the following statements, which is true according to the passage?A. T

19、oday, employees are facing a reduction in working hours.B. Economic recovery created more jobs.C. Bailyns research shows that part-time employees work more efficiently.D. Increased leisure time would benefit two-career households.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Why does the writer say that employees “have reas

20、ons not to trade money for leisure“?A. Increased production has led to joblessness.B. Managers estimate staff productivity in terms of hours worked.C. Benefits and hours spent on the job are not linked.D. Extra work is offered to existing employees.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude towards a

21、 “workaholic economy“ is _.A. optimistic B. pessimistic C. indifferent D. doubtful（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).How do you understand the sentence “Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor“?A. Only the cheapest household object is made with a microprocessor.B. Every household o

22、bject is made with a microprocessor.C. Only the cheapest household object is made without a microprocessor.D. Except for the cheapest household object, everything is made with a microprocessor.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Low-income workers with time-consuming jo

23、bs will enjoy a fruitful material life in the USA.B. Low-income workers with more leisure time will enjoy a fruitful material life in the USA.C. High-income jobs workers with time-consuming jobs will enjoy a fruitful material life in the USA.D. High-income workers with more leisure time will enjoy a

24、 fruitful material life in the USA.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).For the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for _: increased production has been almos

25、t entirely decoupled from employment. Some firms are even down sizing as their profits climb.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls _: quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organized that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labor an extra hour eac

26、h than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)(1).A. She wants to know the place of a particular restaurant.B. Shes recommending a good place to go for dinner.C. She thinks the man should take his friend to Fr

27、ance.D. Shes sending an invitation to the man for dinner.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. He can give her some of his notes. B. He has no idea of economics.C. He didnt take any economics class. D. Hes happy to lend her his notes.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. She has never eaten such delicious oranges before.B. She

28、 bets they can find better oranges.C. She doesnt know why the man likes oranges.D. She has never eaten oranges before.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. The application should be put in the post office.B. The woman should buy a copy machine.C. The photocopy machine isnt available anywhere.D. The woman can make

29、 copies at the post office.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. She has finished her school. B. She hasnt finished her final paper.C. She is not a good student before. D. Shes still a student.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. Stay half days. B. Take a longer tour.C. Tour the country. D. Rest the whole day.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D

30、.(2).A. Pay a traffic ticket. B. Continue to drive.C. Let the passenger out. D. Park at the corner.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. There are many gifts to choose from. B. She wants the man to buy the poster for her.C. They promised to stop at the shop. D. They must buy something for her brother.（分数：7.00）A.B

31、.C.D.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. A presentation theyre going to do. B. A TV program the man is watching.C. Visiting a good friend of theirs. D. Studying for a coming test.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Hes taking a rest from studying.B. He has alrea

32、dy done with studying.C. He was asked to watch TV by his professor.D. Hes searching for some information.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. He didnt know that she also took linear algebra course.B. He thought she wanted to study alone.C. He thought she wanted to study with Elizabeth.D. He had told her that he

33、had done poorly on a recent test.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. He and Elizabeth had a fight recently.B. He heard Elizabeth also messed up on the last test.C. He doesnt want to bother Elizabeth so late in the evening.D. He prefers to study in his own dormitory.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 23 to 25 are based

34、on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. How much its accuracy has improved recently.B. How reliable long-range forecasts are.C. How difficult it takes to make a good forecast.D. How the current forecast causes troubles.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The amount of rain. B. The wind directio

35、n.C. The amount of frost. D. The temperature.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Forecasting machines stop functioning in hot weather.B. The weather patterns are more changeable in the autumn.C. Professional predictors are on vacation in autumn.D. The forecasting center may mess up the data in autumn.（分数：7.00）A

36、.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. Because it is a small town with some British characters.B. Because there is a college in the small town.C. Because it is easy to start their business in the small town.D. Bec

37、ause they can perform their daily tasks on foot.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. They prefer the small town in the United States to big cities in England.B. They live a quiet, enjoyable, and healthy life in the small town.C. They have many acquaintances in the neighborhood.D. They advocate environmental prot

38、ection by not driving their car.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Because they wanted to say hello to him. B. Because they wanted to offer some help.C. Because they came across an accident. D. Because they asked him for directions.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. Some behaviors seeming strange at first can be accepted

39、 as time goes on.B. Living in a small town has many unmatched advantages.C. Walking is a good way to go about ones business in the neighborhood.D. People still have many to enjoy even living in a small town.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are bused on the passage you have just heard.（

40、分数：21.00）(1).A. They are places for people to exchange their goods.B. They are places for residents to heap the useless things.C. They are sales set for residents to sell and buy used things.D. They are sales set by stores to put their goods on sale.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. It was suggested by a form

41、er local official.B. It was set by the local government.C. It was proposed by local residents.D. It was set by the people living along the route.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Any unused personal or household goods.B. Anything useful in daily life.C. Anything cheaper than those sold in shops.D. Anything pe

42、ople like to put up for sale.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. They can prevent soil from being blown away.B. They can improve the yield of crops.C. They can provide wood when cut down.D. They can protect crops from the str

43、ong sunshine.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. When there are two lines of plants in each windbreak.B. When there is space left for some wind to go through.C. When they are planted around crops.D. When local green trees are planted in windbreaks.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. It is easy to grow despite the poor soil

44、.B. It is good for improving the quality of land.C. It is the most suitable plant for windbreaks.D. It is short with broad leaves.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)Some individuals view recreation as largely non-productive, even trivial. (36) recreation is not considered healthy, and maybe

45、 (37) as escapism. However, research has shown that recreation (38) to life satisfaction, quality of life, health and wellness, and that the use of recreation as a diversion may have clinical (39) to individuals with chronic pain and other health impairments. In some cultures and (40) , recreation i

46、s encouraged on certain days and discouraged on others. For example, in Judaism, the Shabbat is a day for recreation and relaxation, which has in turn (41) many Christian sects to use the Sabbath for the same purpose. However, some sects (42) the Sabbath to be a day when worship is done in place of

47、recreation.Recreation is (43) important to the longevity of human beings, especially because it helps counteract stress. According to some research cited in Time magazine, (44) !Recreation can become an organized activity of local governments and for-profit enterprises. Local governments often creat

48、e parks or community centers. (45) , which provides venues and staffing for organized sports, at-risk youth activities, arts and crafts, and senior citizen activities. Several U. S. state governments operate recreation programs for their prison populations. Though controversial, these programs are intended to provide inmates with constructive use of their time through access to music, hobbies, crafts and exercise equipment. Other possible benefits include reduced healthcare costs and a lower recidivism rate. (46) .（分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_