大学四级-1794及答案解析.doc

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1、大学四级-1794 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.近年来，山寨产品大量出现2. 人们对此所持观点不一3. 你对“山寨产品”的看法On Knock-off Products（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：70.00)Do Clean Smells Encourage Clean BehaviorYears ago, social scientists introduced the broken-windows theory of crime control

2、, which assumed that if a neighborhood looked orderly and cared for with no broken windows potential wrongdoers would be dissuaded from committing crimes there. Now psychologists have proposed a similar theory, which suggests that people can be induced to behave morally when their environment smells

3、 as clean as it looks. Its the Macbeth principle of morality, says Katie Liljenquist, professor of organizational leadership at Brigham Young Universitys Marriott School of Management and lead author of the new study, to be published in Psychological Science. “There is a strong link between moral an

4、d physical purity that people associate at a core level. People feel contaminated(受污染的) by immoral choices and try to wash away their sins,“ says Liljenquist. “To some degree, washing actually is effective in relieving guilt. What we wondered was whether you could regulate ethical behavior through c

5、leanliness. We found that we could. “In two separate experiments, researchers were able to influence participants behavior by exposing them to “cleanliness“ in the form of a common cleaning agents smell in this case, orange-scented Winder (清新剂). It turned out that people who sat in a room sprayed wi

6、th Windex were more likely to act fairly and charitably than those in unscented air.The first experiment involved an anonymous game of trust. The 28 study participants were told they would be “receivers“, with whom a group of anonymous “senders had been instructed to invest money. Participants were

7、told that each sender had been given $ 4 and told that any part of it invested with receivers would be tripled. The job of the receiver, then, was to decide what portion of the dividends to return to the sender. In reality, there was no sender, and each study participant received $12, making it seem

8、 as though the senders had entrusted them with the full $ 4 they had been given. But would the receivers return that trust or exploit their unidentified investors? On average, those in the plain-smelling room returned $ 2.5 to the sender, pocketing the lions share of the money. But those bathed in t

9、he scent of Windex sent back an average of $ 5.5, returning the senders blind faith.The scientists insist they didnt overdo it with the Windex, just a few spritzes(喷) so we can get rid of brain-cell death or poisoning-induced generosity as reasons why those receivers gave back so much of the stolen

10、property. Rather, Liljenquist says, “a moral awareness was awakened in a clean-smelling environment. “In the second experiment, researchers aimed to manipulate peoples tendency toward charity. Ninety-nine participants were assigned to either a Windex-scented room or a neutral-smelling room and given

11、 a packet of tasks to complete. Included in the packet was a flyer requesting volunteers and donations to the charity Habitat for Humanity. As expected, people in the Windex-sprayed room were more inclined to volunteer and give money than those in the unscented room 22% of those in the clean group s

12、aid they wanted to donate money, compared with 6% of the controls.According to co-author Adam Galinsky, a social psychologist at Northwestern Universitys Kellogg School of Management, society relies on incentives(刺激，动机), in the form of rewards and punishments, to encourage people to adjust to certai

13、n standards of behavior. “Economists and even psychologists havent been paying much attention to the fact that small changes in our environment can have dramatic effects on behavior. We underemphasize these subtle environmental cues,“ he says.Liljenquist says the real-life implications of the study

14、could be as simple as an office investing more in janitorial supplies (清洁用品) than in expensive investigation equipment to keep workers in line. Other researchers suggest, however, that perhaps it wasnt the clean smell that made people more virtuous in the new study, but rather the smell of orange; t

15、hat is, people may have behaved better because they smelled something they liked, rather than something “clean.“ “It could be simply that a positive smell creates a positive mood, which encourages positive behavior. You cannot conclude it is cleanliness of itself,“ says Brown University psychologist

16、 Rachel Herz, author of The Scent of Desire. To rule out the contradictory factor of good smells, she says, the studys authors could have added a third room to the experiment scented with recently baked chocolate chip cookies, for example.Nevertheless, both morality researchers and olfactory(嗅觉的) sc

17、ientists agree that people do strongly associate physical cleanliness with purity of conscience. It is the notion at the heart of proverbs like “cleanliness is next to godliness“ and evidenced by the widespread use of cleansing ceremonies to wash away sins in various religions around the world. (Tru

18、th be told, that practice is merely a reckoning of an evolutionary strategy to avoid disease. )For their part, Liljenquist and Galinsky say they controlled for the good-mood effect by giving participants in the second experiment a mood-screening questionnaire. They also say their results are consist

19、ent with existing written material on cleanliness and morality. For instance, in one of Liljenquists earlier studies, she found, among other things, that cleaning hands after writing about a moral violation made people feel less guilty about it. Other researchers have also tackled the issue of moral

20、ity and smell, but from the opposite end of the scope. A paper published last year in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin revealed that people are more critical and judgmental about certain moral issues when exposed to the vapors of a smelly-scented spray.Yes, a smelly-scented spray is a

21、commercially available product. By the way, according to a psychologist who has worked with it in experiments, it is nearly impossible to rid of it.Orange-scented Windex certainly makes for a nicer lab environment, which perhaps has something to do with Liljenquists continued interest in this line o

22、f study. “Research on how to stay on the moral high ground and promote virtue,“ she says, “is something I find refreshing. /（分数：49.00）(1).The broken-windows theory of crime control assumed that if a neighborhood is well managed, _.A. potential wrongdoers would be dissuaded from breaking windowsB. ps

23、ychologist would suggest people behave morallyC. it is less likely that people would commit crime thereD. it would smell as clean as it looks（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the Macbeth principle of morality, washing is a way to _.A. show strong link between moral and physical purityB. get rid of t

24、hings which are contaminatedC. relieve guiltD. regulate ethical behavior（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).How much did the people in the plain-smelling room pocket during the experiment?A. $4. B. $9.5. C. $2.5. D. $5.5.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Why did the scientists scent the room with only a few sprays of Windex in

25、 the experiment?A. Because they wanted to rule out other explanations for peoples behavior.B. Because they didnt want the subjects to notice the smell.C. Because Windex is poisonous.D. Because they would like to keep the room clean.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What did Adam Galinsky believe?A. People should

26、 get reward to be encouraged to behave well.B. Our behavior would be greatly influenced by changes in our environment.C. Economists and psychologists hadnt been paying much attention to the smell changes.D. People often neglected environmental changes.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).According to Liljenquist, w

27、hat is the implication of the study?A. People should buy more janitorial supplies.B. People should not invest in expensive investigation.C. People should use more Windex.D. People should make the environment much cleaner.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Whats the flaw of the experiment according to Rachel Herz?

28、A. It should have added a third room with orange smell.B. It should have used the chocolate cookies smell instead of Windex spray.C. It didnt exclude the factor of good smell from clean smell.D. It didnt provide the subjects with chocolate cookies.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.2.According to scientists, many peo

29、ple believe that physical cleanliness is strongly linked to 1.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_3.One of Liljenquists study showed that if people clean hands after writing about a moral violation, they would feel 1.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_4.A paper published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin revealed that whe

30、n people are exposed to smelly scent, they will be more 1.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)(1).A. She is very satisfied with her marriage including her mother-in-law.B. She doesnt want to deal with her mother-in-law.C. Her mother-in-law always interferes

31、 with her marriage.D. Her husband doesnt treat her well.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. He agrees with the womans choice. B. He doesnt want spicy food.C. He wants the salad to be fresh. D. Garlic is his favorite flavor.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. The man wants to reschedule his appointment.B. The man will wait

32、for Mr. Barkley in the meeting room.C. The man is dissatisfied when he finds that Mr. Barkley cant meet him.D. The man wishes to know Mr. Barkley earlier.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. Shes surprised at his decision. B. Shes pleased with his decision.C. She thinks he is warm-hearted. D. Shes angry with him

33、.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. He used to learn in the ski centre. B. He never saw the woman before.C. The woman made a mistake. D. He might have taught the woman to ski.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. Nancy doesnt like going to concerts. B. Nancy is busy cleaning the refrigerator.C. Nancy is experiencing hard ti

34、mes. D. Nancy is making a lot of money.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. John had given up his old job before he went to Canada.B. Johns old job has been taken over by someone else.C. John doesnt want to go back to his old job.D. John has taken his old job back.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Being forgotten. B. Bein

35、g identical to other people.C. Being insignificant. D. Running certain risks.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. A player of background music.B. A researcher on the function of background music.C. A composer of background music.D. A

36、fan of background music.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. It makes the workers excited.B. It helps to reduce workers complaint.C. It makes workers spend less time having their dinner.D. It might make the production increase.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. The history of background music.B. The function of background

37、music.C. The way background music is played.D. The popularity of background music among workers.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. Fast music promotes the sale of hamburgers.B. Background music is played in prisons to make prisoner educated.C. Background music is sometimes very boring to the workers.D. Backgro

38、und music is usually faster than any other music.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. A TV program the man is watching. B. The study for a linear algebra test.C. To call a friend of them. D. One of the roommates of the man.（分数：7.00）A.

39、B.C.D.(2).A. She doesnt do as well as the man.B. She wants to help him with his study.C. She thinks two persons working together can solve problems better.D. She cant solve some of the problems.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. They will visit Betty.B. They will ask for help from their professor.C. They will

40、call for help from Betty.D. They will have a break.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. It makes the dying even scared.B. It fails to comfort the dying.C. You actually do not know the dyings feeling if

41、 you are not dying yourself.D. It is of no meaning by saying so.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Listen without criticism and without giving advice.B. Avoid talking about death.C. Tell him or her that you know how he or she feels.D. Encourage the dying to be brave.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Overcome your own gr

42、ief and visit the dying.B. Not to think about it.C. Ask others to go to visit the dying for you.D. Make a phone call or give a personal note.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. Allow the persons to feel they are still alive.B. Dont make everything about how awful it is.C. Pay attention to the dyings life qualit

43、y.D. Keep silence and listen to the dying to recall your common experiences.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. How to avoid noise pollution. B. Why noise pollution is difficult to define.C. What noise pollution is and its effe

44、ct. D. How to distinguish noise pollution.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Its hard to define how much effect it has on people.B. People dont have the equipment to measure it.C. It does not leave any trace once the noise disappears.D. Its hard to measure it.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Colds. B. Mental diseases.C

45、. Changes in blood pressure. D. Increased general medical practice attendance.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. They might recommend you a degree mill.B. They might introduce you programs for the purpose of making money.C.

46、They might offer you pamphlets for certain programs.D. They might charge higher than CHEA.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. To ask for advisers advice.B. To make sure if the school is allowed to provide distance learning program by CHEA.C. To make sure if the school offers you a degree.D. To avoid a diploma m

47、ill.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. The online program is more convenient.B. The online program costs less.C. The online program requires high technology.D. The online program offers no supervision for a persons study.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)Of the thousands of different kinds of animals

48、 that exist in the world man has learned to make friends with an enormous number. Some are pets, and offer him (36) ; some give him protection, and some do hard work which man cannot do for himself. The (37) of certain countries are (38) for their very lives on the camel, the yak, or the reindeer. I

49、n the West Indies the little donkey, strong and surefooted, carrying heavy loads even in (39) places, is a familiar sight.Trained and (40) for many generations, (41) animals are not (42) to roaming in search of food and (43) . They look to their masters to provide for their needs. (44) .All domestic animals need proper food. It must be suitable for them, sufficient in quantity, fresh a