Science+and+Technology及答案解析.doc

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1、Science+and+Technology 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Liste(总题数：1，分数：5.00)BPart A/BI For questions 1-5, you will hear a passage. Listen and answer the questions with the information you ve heard. Write Bnot more than 3 words/B in each blank. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25

2、seconds to read the questions below. /I（分数：5.00）(1)._ make it possible for astronauts to reach the moon.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Rockets were first used in war in _ .（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3)._ discovered liquid fuel as a fuel for rockets.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).The first liquid-fuelled rocket can fly _ .（分数：1.00）

3、填空项 1:_(5).The passage is mainly about _ .（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、BPart B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）(1).What have people who listened to the radio regularly ever experienced?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).What is impressive about the characteristic of digital radio?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).When will digital radio be avail

4、able?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Where will digital radio first appear?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).What is the speaker s attitude towards digital radio?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart C/B(总题数：3，分数：10.00)IQuestions 11-13 are based on the following passage. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13./I（分数：3.00）(1).Accor

5、ding to the author, which of the following is NOT an achievement of the 20th century science?（分数：1.00）A.Nuclear power.B.Strong computers.C.Nuclear weapons.D.Conquering cancer.(2).The word “seminal“ in the first paragraph means “ _ “.（分数：1.00）A.living in a strange worldB.functioning as a seedC.strong

6、 as plantD.genetic transmutation(3).The word “vanquish“ in the second paragraph means _ .（分数：1.00）A.vanishB.destroyC.overcomeD.ruinIQuestions 14-16 are based on the following passage. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 14-16./I（分数：3.00）(1).A spear or a robot has the quality of technology only

7、 when it _ .（分数：1.00）A.is used both as a cultural and a physical objectB.serves different purposes equally wellC.is utilized by manD.can be of use to both man and animal(2).The examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl cited by the author serve to show that _ .（分数：1.00）A.if not given close examinatio

8、n, technology could be use to destroy our worldB.technology is a human creation, so we are responsible for itC.technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by manD.being a human creation, technology is liable to error(3).According to the author, the introduction of the computer is a revolution m

9、ainly because _ .（分数：1.00）A.the computer has revolutionized the working of the human mindB.the computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people beforeC.it has helped to switch to an information technologyD.it has a great potential impact on societyIQuestions 17-20 are based on the followi

10、ng passage. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 17-20./I（分数：4.00）(1).Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed?（分数：1.00）A.Performing physical examinations.B.Locating places which attract terrorists.C.Detecting drugs and water contamination.D.Monitorin

11、g food processing.(2).A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is _ .（分数：1.00）A.negligence of public safetyB.an abuse of personal freedomC.a hazard to physical healthD.a threat to individual privacy(3).The word “logged“ most probably means “ _ “.（分数：1.00）A.presetB.e

12、nteredC.processedD.simulated(4).To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential _ .（分数：1.00）A.to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptorsB.to invent chips sensitive to various chemicalsC.to design a computer program to sort out smellsD.to find chemicals that can alter the e

13、lectrical current passing through四、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It has been necessary to refer repeatedly to the effects of the two world wars in promoting all kinds of innovation. It should beU (21) /Ualso that technological innovations haveU (22) /Uthe character of war itself byU (23) /Uof new me

14、chanical and chemical devices. One weapon developed during World War U (24) /Ua special mention. TheU (25) /Uof rocket propulsion was well known earlier, and Us possibilities as aU (26) /Uof achieving speeds sufficient to escape from the Earth s gravitational pull had beenU (27) /Uby the Russian and

15、 the American scientists.The latter built experimental liquid-fuelled rockets in 1926.U (28) /U, a group of German and Romanian pioneers was workingU (29) /Uthe same lines, and in the 1930s, it was tins team that developed a rocketU (30) /Uof delivering a warhead hundreds miles away. Reaching a heig

16、ht of over 100 miles, the V-2 rocketU (31) /Uthe beginning of the Space Age, and members of its design team wereU (32) /Uin both the Soviet and United States space programs after the war.Technology had a tremendous socialU (33) /Uin the period 1900-45. The automobile and electric power,U (34) /U, ra

17、dically changed both the scale and the quality of 20th-century life,U (35) /Ua process of rapid urbanization and a virtual revolutionU (36) /Uliving through mass production of household goods andU (37) /U. The rapid development of the airplane, the cinema, and radio made the world seem suddenly smal

18、ler and moreU (38) /U. The development of many products of the chemical industry further transformed the life of most people. In the yearsU (39) /U1945 the constructive and creative opportunities of modern technology could beU (40) /U, although the process has not been without its problems.（分数：20.00

19、）A.notifiedB.observedC.commentedD.detectedA.transformedB.imitatedC.innovatedD.simulatedA.introductionB.innovationC.eliminationD.alterationA.requiresB.entitlesC.furnishesD.deservesA.principleB.disciplineC.strategyD.doctrineA.methodsB.meansC.techniquesD.mediumA.taken overB.handed overC.carried outD.po

20、inted outA.SimultaneouslyB.AdvantageouslyC.SpontaneouslyD.InstantaneouslyA.acrossB.atC.alongD.withA.capableB.ableC.possibleD.suitableA.spoiledB.informedC.labeledD.markedA.instrumentalB.mechanicalC.structuralD.integralA.influenceB.connectionC.impactD.conflictA.on the other handB.as a resultC.on the c

21、ontraryD.for instanceA.encouragingB.urgingC.promotingD.assistingA.byB.inC.throughD.onA.appliancesB.utilitiesC.instrumentsD.equipmentA.perceptiveB.accessibleC.complexD.controversialA.precedingB.previousC.subsequentD.followingA.exploitedB.appliedC.adoptedD.processed五、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：20.00)BPas

22、sage 1/BWe sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals co

23、uld switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depres

24、sed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University

25、 School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with

26、experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychol

27、ogist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the

28、 mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning d

29、ied. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.（分数：5.00）(1).Laudenslager s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity _ .（分数：1.00）A.was str

30、engthenedB.was not affectedC.was alteredD.was weakened(2).According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to _ .（分数：1.00）A.try to control unpleasant stimuliB.turn off the electricityC.behave passively in controllable situationsD.become abnormally suspicious(3).The reason why the

31、 mice in Ader s experiment avoided saccharin was that _ .（分数：1.00）A.they disliked its tasteB.it affected their immune systemsC.it led to stomach painsD.they associated it with stomach(4).The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader s experiment was that _ .（分数

32、：1.00）A.they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinB.the sweetener was poisonous to themC.their immune systems had been altered by the mindD.they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning(5).It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals _ .（分数：1.0

33、0）A.can be weakened by conditioningB.can be suppressed by drug injectionsC.can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinD.can be altered by electric shocksBPassage 2/BEver since Gregor Mendel s famous experiments with hybrid sweet peas, it has been known that there must be unitary elements within t

34、he cells which exert control over inherited characteristics, and for a long time there was considerable speculation about what these were. These elements came to be known as genes, and although they were long treated as hypothetical constructs, a great deal of knowledge about them slowly accumulated

35、. It came to be known, for example, that each gene had to be passed along virtually unchanged from generation to generation; that there must be many thousands of these particles in every human cell, distributed unevenly among the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes; that each gene must occupy a very d

36、efinite place (locus) on its chromosome; and that each pair of homologous chromosomes had to contain homologous assortments of genes, arranged with few exceptions in precisely the same order on each member of the chromosome pail s. A wonderfully complex and fruitful system thus emerged about an aspe

37、ct of the world which no one has ever directly observed. Let us now briefly turn to some of the newly acquired insights which have greatly expanded the already impressive theory of genetics.Genes are, of course, too small to be seen even by the most powerful electron microscopes, but recent research

38、 by geneticists, microbiologists, and biochemists has rapidly advanced our information about their constitution and action. The chemical substance of which the genes and thus the chromosomes are made, is now known to be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a giant molecule containing a double-spiral strand

39、of material which embodies the genetic code. The chromosomes consist of long strands of DNA, which, although it is capable of transmitting vastly complex “code messages“, is comprised of combinations of only four primary chemical subunits, or “code letters“. This great insight into the structure and

40、 functioning of genetic material, which was first proposed by James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick in 1953, involves a new description of what genes are like. A gene is simply a specific portion of the double-spiral strand of DNA which consists of a particular combination of the code letters that

41、 spell out a particular code word.Various combinations of the four code letters, forming different code words, provide the biochemical information used in the construction of the different proteins in the cell. Many of these proteins act as enzymes. The enzymes, as has been pointed out above, are th

42、e biological catalysts which direct all the chemical or metabolic reactions that are going on continuously in all cells. These metabolic functions are, of course, the basis of all the physical growth and development of any living organism.The code is embodied in the DNA of the chromosomes and genes,

43、 but exactly how does this code deter mine the production of proteins. Obviously, the code must be transmitted to the sites at which the actual work of protein synthesis is carried out. The material which accomplishes this task is ribonucleic acid (RNA, a substance very similar to DNA and complement

44、ary to it. From the code site on the linear DNA molecule, which is the gene), RNA, the messenger, carries the code to the cellular particles out into the cytoplasm of the cell, where proteins are manufactured. This messenger RNA provides the pattern, and another type of RNA, transfer RNA, collects f

45、rom within the cytoplasm the raw materials, the amino acids, from which the proteins are made. With the pattern and the materials, the proteins are formed, one step at a time. These proteins act as enzymes or biological catalysis. They exist in all living organisms and control their growth and funct

46、ion through the control of the chemical transformations involved in metabolism. A very large number of enzymes are present in any living creature, and the absence or malformation of any enzyme can destroy the normal sequence of metabolism of a given biochemical substance.We can thus see that genetic

47、 activity takes the form of biochemical regulation, the genes determining the formation of enzymes. In this sense, all genetic disorders are primarily metabolic defects (Garrod, 1908). A defective or changed gene will in turn produce a change in the protein with which it is associated. The only resu

48、lt of such a change may be a slight alteration in the function of the protein, and there may thus be little or no observable effect. If the change or defect takes place within the code message for an essential element of the protein, however, the enzyme activity of this protein may be rendered completely inactive. If this happens, the result can be grave trouble: perha