ISO 18606-2013 Packaging and the environment - Organic recycling《包装与环境 有机再循环》.pdf

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1、 ISO 2013 Packaging and the environment Organic recycling Emballage et environnement Recyclage organique INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18606 First edition 2013-01-15 Reference number ISO 18606:2013(E) ISO 18606:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013 All rights rese

2、rved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the reques

3、ter. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 18606:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3

4、 T erms and definitions . 2 4 Principle 3 5 Basic requirements 3 5.1 Control of constituents . 3 5.2 Assessment . 3 5.3 Exemptions . 4 6 Detailed requirements . 4 6.1 General . 4 6.2 Characterization of the packaging 5 6.3 Ultimate biodegradation . 5 6.4 Disintegration 6 6.5 No adverse effect on abi

5、lity of compost to support plant growth 6 7 Declaration of results 7 8 Test report . 7 Annex A (normative) Maximum concentrations of regulated metals and other substances hazardous to the environment . 8 Annex B (normative) Determination of ecotoxic effects to higher plants .9 Annex C (informative)

6、Flow Chart 10 Annex D (informative) Recommended assessment checklist for meeting the requirements of this International Standard .14 Annex E (informative) Examples of packaging suitable for organic recycling .15 Bibliography .18 ISO 18606:2013(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Stan

7、dardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right

8、 to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International S

9、tandards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an

10、International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 18

11、606 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 122, Packaging, Subcommittee SC 4, Packaging and environment.iv ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 18606:2013(E) Introduction Packaging plays a critical role in almost every industry, every sector, and every supply chain. Appropriate packaging is essentia

12、l to prevent loss of goods and as a result decrease impact on the environment. Effective packaging makes a positive contribution towards achieving a sustainable society by, e.g.: a) meeting consumer needs and expectations for the protection of goods, safety, handling, and information; b) efficiently

13、 using resources and limiting environmental impact; c) saving costs in the distribution and merchandising of goods. An environmental assessment of packaging should include the manufacturing and distribution system, the wastage of packaging material and goods, the relevant collection systems, as well

14、 as recovery or disposal operations. This group of ISO standards and supporting reports provides a set of procedures which aim to: d) reduce environmental impact; e) support innovation in product, packaging, and the supply chain; f) avoid undue restrictions on the use of packaging; g) prevent barrie

15、rs and restrictions to trade. A package should be designed to provide a number of functions for users and producers such as: containment, protection, information, convenience, unitization, handling, delivery, or presentation of goods. A major role of packaging is prevention of damage to or loss of g

16、oods. (See ISO 18601 Annex A for a list of the functions of packaging.) ISO 18601 defines the interrelationships within the family of ISO standards which cover the environmental impact of packaging throughout its life cycle (see Figure 1). These standards will help define whether the selected packag

17、ing can be optimized and whether the packaging needs to be modified to ensure it can be reused or recovered after use. Third-party certification is not required to demonstrate the requirements of these standards are met. There are different methods to which public claims on the environmental attribu

18、tes of packaging are discussed. Some of these are technical aspects on reuse or recovery, others relate to access by the population to reuse or recovery systems or the amount of packaging placed on the market for recovery. This series of standards addresses the technical aspects of the packaging. Th

19、ey do not address the requirements of ISO 14021 needed to support a claim or label. This International Standard does not use the term “and/or” but instead the term “or” is used as an inclusive disjunction, meaning one or the other or both. ISO 2013 All rights reserved v ISO 18606:2013(E) OPTIMIZE p

20、2 p z pyA xC A z b x z D E R y RECVERY 4 M y5 Ey y yREUE 3 R R Figure 1 Relationship of the Packaging and environment standards The purpose of packaging is the containment, protection, handling, delivery, and presentation of products. In order to save resources and minimize waste, the whole system i

21、n which the packaging takes part should be optimized. This includes prevention as well as reuse and recycling of used packaging. Organic recycling by industrial aerobic composting or anaerobic digestion coupled with composting is an option for reducing the need for final disposal of used packaging w

22、hile increasing the options for its recycling. This International Standard defines the standard specification to be met for packaging to be recovered by organic recycling. Organic recycling, organic recovery, and biological recycling are interchangeably used to indicate biological waste treatment pr

23、ocesses applied to used packaging to produce compost (in industrial composting plants) or compost and biogas (in anaerobic digestors). Examples of packaging suitable for organic recycling are provided in Annex E. This International Standard presents a framework for self-assessment to determine wheth

24、er the organic recycling has been met.vi ISO 2013 All rights reserved INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 18606:2013(E) Packaging and the environment Organic recycling 1 Scope This International Standard specifies procedures and requirements for packaging that are suitable for organic recycling. Packaging i

25、s considered as recoverable by organic recycling only if all the individual components meet the requirements. Therefore, packaging is not considered recoverable by organic recycling if only some of the components meet the requirements laid down in this International Standard. However, if the compone

26、nts can be easily, physically separated before disposal, then the physically separated components can be individually considered for organic recycling. This International Standard is applicable to organic recycling of used packaging but does not address regulations that exist regarding the recoverab

27、ility of any residual packaged goods. This International Standard does not provide information on requirements for the biodegradability of used packaging which ends up in the soil environment as litter, because littering is not considered as a recovery option. This International Standard is also not

28、 applicable to biological treatment undertaken in small installations by householders. For each of the packaging components the following four aspects are addressed: a) biodegradation; b) disintegration during biological waste treatment process (i.e. composting); c) negative effects on the biologica

29、l process; d) negative effects on the quality of the resulting compost, including the presence of high levels of regulated metals and other substances hazardous to the environment. This International Standard establishes the requirements for packaging suitable for organic recycling. NOTE “Organicall

30、y recoverable”, “compostable”, or “compostable packaging in municipal and industrial composting facilities” or “biodegradable during composting” are expressions considered to be equivalent to organically recyclable for the purposes of this International Standard. The procedure for applying this Inte

31、rnational Standard is contained in ISO 18601. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition o

32、f the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 14851, Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer ISO 14852, Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability o

33、f plastic materials in an aqueous medium Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide ISO 14855-1, Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide Part 1: General method ISO 2013 All right

34、s reserved 1 ISO 18606:2013(E) ISO 14855-2, Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide Part 2: Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-scale test ISO 16929,

35、Plastics Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under defined composting conditions in a pilot-scale test ISO 20200, Plastics Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory-scale test ISO 21067:2007

36、, Packaging Vocabulary 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21067 and the following apply. 3.1 compost soil conditioner obtained by biodegradation of a mixture consisting principally of vegetable residues, occasionally with other organi

37、c material and having a limited mineral content 3.2 composting aerobic process designed to produce compost 3.3 disintegration physical breakdown of a material into fragments 3.4 total dry solids mass of solids obtained by taking a known mass of test material or compost and drying at about 105 C to c

38、onstant mass 3.5 ultimate biodegradability breakdown of an organic chemical compound by micro-organisms in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide, water, and mineral salts of any other elements present (mineralization) and new biomass or in the absence of oxygen to carbon dioxide, methane, mineral

39、 salts, and new biomass 3.6 volatile solids mass of solids obtained by subtracting the residue of a known mass of test material or compost after incineration at about 550 C from the total dry solids of the same sample Note 1 to entry: The volatile-solids content is an indication of the amount of org

40、anic matter present. 3.7 packaging component part of packaging that can be separated by hand or by using simple physical means SOURCE: ISO 18601:2012, definition 3.11 3.8 packaging constituent part from which packaging or their components are made and which cannot be separated by hand or by using si

41、mple physical means SOURCE: ISO 18601:2012, definition 3.122 ISO 2013 All rights reserved ISO 18606:2013(E) 3.9 organic recycling through microbial activity, the controlled biological treatment of the biodegradable components of used packaging which produce compost and, in the case of anaerobic dige

42、stion, also methane Note 1 to entry: Landfilling and littering are not considered as organic recycling. 3.10 anaerobic digestion process of controlled decomposition of biodegradable materials under managed conditions where free oxygen is absent, at temperatures suitable for naturally occurring mesop

43、hilic or thermophilic anaerobic and facultative bacteria species, that convert the inputs to a methane rich biogas and digestate Note 1 to entry: In a second phase, the digestate is typically stabilised by means of a composting (aerobic) process. 4 Principle The purpose of this International Standar

44、d is to establish requirements for packaging that can be recovered by means of organic recycling. Organic recycling is carried out in industrial composting plants or anaerobic digesters. A packaging is considered as suitable for organic recycling if all the components are suitable for organic recycl

45、ing. However, individual components of the packaging can be considered recoverable by organic recycling if they meet the requirements of this International Standard. The suitability of packaging components and packaging material is verified by the test scheme described in this International Standard

46、. 5 Basic requirements 5.1 Control of constituents Constituents known to be, or expected to become, hazardous to the environment during the biological treatment process, besides the substances given in Annex A, shall not be deliberately introduced into packaging or packaging materials intended to be

47、 designated as suitable for organic recycling. 5.2 Assessment 5.2.1 General Except as identified in 5.3, assessment of the biological treatability of packaging and packaging components shall include the following five assessment procedures as a minimum: characterization (see 5.2.2); biodegradation (

48、see 5.2.3); disintegration, including effects on the biological treatment process (see 5.2.4); compost quality (see 5.2.5); recognizability (see 5.2.6). 5.2.2 Characterization Each packaging material under investigation shall be identified and characterized prior to testing, including at least: information on, and identification of, the constituents of the pac