IEC TR 61340-1-2012 Electrostatics - Part 1 Electrostatic phenomena - Principles and measurements《静电学.第1部分 静电现象.原理和测量》.pdf

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1、 IEC/TR 61340-1 Edition 1.0 2012-06 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Electrostatics Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena Principles and measurements Electrostatique Partie 1: Phnomnes lectrostatiques Principes et mesures IEC/TR 61340-1:2012 THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2012 IEC, Ge

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15、onal (VEI) en ligne. Service Clients - webstore.iec.ch/csc Si vous dsirez nous donner des commentaires sur cette publication ou si vous avez des questions contactez-nous: csciec.ch. IEC/TR 61340-1 Edition 1.0 2012-06 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Electrostatics Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena P

16、rinciples and measurements Electrostatique Partie 1: Phnomnes lectrostatiques Principes et mesures INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE X ICS 17.200.99; 29.020 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 978-2-83220-195-4 Registered trademark of the International Electr

17、otechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agr. 2 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 CONTENTS FO

18、REWORD . 5 INTRODUCTION . 7 1 Scope . 8 2 Normative references . 8 3 Terms and definitions . 9 4 Fundamentals of static electricity 11 4.1 General . 11 4.2 Contact electrification 12 4.3 Charging by induction 13 4.4 Charge transfer by conduction . 14 4.5 Retention of charge . 14 4.6 Influence of env

19、ironmental humidity 16 4.6.1 General . 16 4.6.2 In situ measurements 16 4.7 Electrostatic discharges 16 4.7.1 General . 16 4.7.2 Spark discharges . 16 4.7.3 Corona discharges 17 4.7.4 Brush discharges . 17 4.7.5 Propagating brush discharges . 17 4.7.6 Cone discharges 18 4.8 Mechanical forces in an e

20、lectrostatic field . 18 5 Electrostatic problems and hazards 19 5.1 General . 19 5.2 Electronic components and systems 19 5.2.1 General . 19 5.2.2 Types of failure 19 5.2.3 Problems and threats at different life cycle periods 20 5.3 Electrostatic ignition Hazards . 21 5.3.1 General . 21 5.3.2 Spark

21、discharges from conducting objects . 21 5.3.3 Corona discharges from conducting objects . 21 5.3.4 Brush discharges from insulating surfaces . 21 5.3.5 Propagating brush discharges from insulating surfaces . 22 5.3.6 Discharges from people . 22 5.3.7 Ignition potential of electrostatic discharges 22

22、 5.4 Physiological sensation . 24 5.5 Simulation of electrostatic discharges 25 5.5.1 General . 25 5.5.2 Capacitive discharges for ignition energy measurements . 26 5.5.3 Human body model 26 5.5.4 Machine model 26 5.5.5 Charged device model . 26 6 General solutions to problems and hazards 27 TR 6134

23、0-1 IEC:2012 3 6.1 General . 27 6.2 Common approaches. 27 7 Useful applications of electrostatic effects 28 8 General aspects of measurements . 29 8.1 General . 29 8.2 Electric field 29 8.2.1 General . 29 8.2.2 Application 30 8.3 Potential 30 8.3.1 General . 30 8.3.2 Surface voltage . 30 8.3.3 Space

24、 potential . 31 8.4 Charge 31 8.5 Charge density 32 8.5.1 Surface charge density 32 8.5.2 Volume charge density 32 8.6 Charge decay 33 8.7 Resistance and resistivity 34 8.8 Chargeability . 34 8.9 Current 35 8.10 Energy in capacitive discharges 35 8.11 Ignition energy 36 8.11.1 General . 36 8.11.2 Eq

25、uivalent energy 36 8.12 Charge transferred in electrostatic discharges . 37 8.12.1 General . 37 8.12.2 Discharge electrode . 38 8.12.3 Measuring circuit . 39 8.12.4 Alternative charge transfer measuring arrangements . 39 8.13 Capacitance 39 8.14 Electric strength 40 Bibliography 41 Figure 1 Charging

26、 by induction 14 Figure 2 Charge transfer by conduction when objects 1 and 2 are conductors 14 Figure 3 Equivalent electrical circuit for an electrostatically charged conductor 15 Figure 4 Examples of brush discharge waveforms measured with a fast digital storage oscilloscope . 24 Figure 5 Circuit f

27、or simulation of electrostatic discharges . 25 Figure 6 Basic arrangements for measuring charge transferred in electrostatic discharges with alternative measuring circuits 38 Figure 7 Oscilloscope voltage/time traces 39 4 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 Table 1 Example of triboelectric series. 13 Table 2 Typica

28、l electrical capacitances 17 Table 3 Typical perception levels and physical responses of people to discharges based on a body capacitance of 200 pF 25 Table 4 Typical values used in ESD simulation models 27 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 5 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ ELECTROSTATICS Part 1: Elec

29、trostatic phenomena Principles and measurements FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on

30、 all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Pu

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38、egal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this p

39、ublication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards

40、. However, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for example “state of the art“. IEC/TR 61340-1, which is a technical report, has been prepared by IEC

41、technical committee 101: Electrostatics. The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 101/344/DTR 101/355/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above

42、table. 6 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all the parts in the IEC 61340 series, published under the general title Electrostatics, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this pu

43、blication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 7 INTRODU

44、CTION Static electricity has been known for around 2 500 years but until recently had little impact on humankind. More recently in the last century the nature of static electricity became better understood and the principles of charge separation and accumulation could be described. Despite this impr

45、oved understanding, it remains difficult to predict with certainty the polarity and magnitude of charges built up in any situation due to the many factors involved, and to, many electrostatics remains a “black art” rather than a science. The development of modern materials, especially polymers, and

46、their nearly ubiquitous application in fields such as floor materials, furnishings, clothing and engineering materials, has made static electricity an everyday phenomenon. In some industries, such as electronics manufacture and processes using flammable materials, unintended and invisible electrosta

47、tic discharges can lead to substantial component damage or unreliability, or fires or explosions. In everyday life, experience of electrostatic shocks to personnel has become commonplace. This has led to increasing need to understand such phenomena, and to specify materials, equipment and procedures

48、 for use in preventing and controlling electrostatic problems in the human environment. This technical report gives an overview of the field of electrostatics and has been prepared to give the user a view of the background, principles, methods of measurement and industrial applications prepared in c

49、onformity with IEC TC101 publications. 8 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 ELECTROSTATICS Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena Principles and measurements 1 Scope This part of IEC 61340, which is a technical report, describes the fundamental principles of electrostatic phenomena including charge generation, retention and dissipation and electrostatic discharges. Methods for measuring electrostatic phenomena and related pro