2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第四部分专题1定语从句讲义.doc

《2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第四部分专题1定语从句讲义.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第四部分专题1定语从句讲义.doc（11页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、1专题 1 定语从句从句与句式在语法填空中的考查并列句或复合句中的连(接)词为语法填空必考内容，句式结构的判断至关重要。1.并列连词：连接两个或几个词、短语或句子的并列连词有and，or，but，neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.等。2.引导名词性从句的连接代词或连接副词(有意义，并在从句中作句子成分)，以及that(不作任何句子成句，没有任何意义)，和表示“是否”的 whether/if。其中要特别注意连接代词 what 的意义和用法。3.引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。注意：关系词是代表先行词并在定语从句中作句子成分的。4.引导状语从句的从属连词。5.

2、特殊句式常考的语法项目包含主谓一致、倒装句、强调句、省略句、感叹句、祈使句等。考 查 形 式 有 谓 语 动 词 的 数 、 状 语 从 句 的 省 略 中 的 非 谓 语 动 词 、 助 动 词 、 替 代 词 或 标 志 性 的 词 等。应对策略若含有两个主谓结构的句子之间没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那么空格处一定填连接词，否则，句子结构就不完整。根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确定是并列句还是某种主从复合句。然后根据从句的特点，结合连词的意义和作用，确定填具体的某个连词。如：一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么句子成分，来确定关系词

3、。若在从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。从句与句式在短文改错中的考查1.对于定语从句的考查主要涉及限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的错用。2.对于名词性从句的考查主要涉及连接词使用不当，缺少连接词以及 what 与 that、which混用等。3.对于并列连词或从属连词的考查主要涉及连词使用不当，缺少连词以及多余连词(although 不能与 but 连用，because 不能与 so 连用)等情况。24.对于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主谓不一致、含有助动词的谓语结构错误和替代词的错用等。应对策略1.对于连词的考查，注意首先判断两个或两个以上的单词、短语

4、或单句之间是否有连词，再根据不同的句式结构，判断连词是否运用正确。解题时，可以注意以下几个方面：(1)把握前后两句话之间的衔接关系，判定是并列句、名词性从句、定语从句还是状语从句，根据连词在句中作何成分，判断正误；(2)注意 but(转折)、and(并列)、or(或者/选择)、so(因此/结果)等逻辑关系词之间的混用；(3)注意 although/though/while 不与 but 连用；since/as/because 不与 so 连用。2.遇到特殊句式，要注意主谓一致、强调句、倒装句、省略句、祈使句、感叹句、反意疑问句等的构成特点。专题 1 定语从句框架结构图定语从句的句法功能及相关定

5、义1.功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。2.位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as 引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please.3As is known to us all，the earth is spinning around the sun.3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some-，any-，every-，no-与-body，-thing 的合成词或 all，none，any，some，that，those 等代

6、词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。4.关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as 等。关系副词：when，where，why 等。定语从句的核心考点1.确定关系词的步骤：(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。(1)先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。This is the place which is worth visiting.(2)关系词在从句中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。There are many pl

7、aces we can visit in China.(visit 后面不能再加 many places/them)2.在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词用 that 而不用 which：(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。(2)先行词被 all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，few 等修饰时。(3)先行词为 all，much，little，none，few，something，anything 等不定代词时。(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。He was looking pleasant

8、ly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.(6)当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。Which are the books that you bought for me?3.用 which 而不用 that 的情况：(1)在非限制性定语从句中。(2)当关系词前有介词时。(3)当先行词本身是 that 时。(4)关系词后有插入语时。4.关系词 who 与 that 指人时，根据不同情况分别用不

9、同的关系词。(1)当主句是 there be 句型时，关系词用 who。4(2)先行词是 anyone，those，someone，everyone，one 等词时，关系词用 who。(3)当主句是 who 作疑问词时，关系词用 that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?(4)whom 在从句中只作宾语，可被 who 取代。5.whose 作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。Do you know Mr Smith whose story is very moving?There is a room，whose window f

10、aces the river.6.关系代词 as 在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。(1)先行词被 such 和 the same 修饰，或句型 as many(much)中，从句都用 as 引导。Such books as you bought are useful.注意：such.that.引导结果状语从句。如：They are such lovely children that we love them much.the same.as.和 the same.that.都可引导定语从句，前者表示“与同样的(但不是同一个)” ；后者表示“同一个，就是那个”如：This is the same p

11、en as I lost last week.这同我上周丢失的那支钢笔一样。(但不是同一支)This is the same pen that I lost last week.这就是我上周丢的那支钢笔。(2)先行词为句子，定语从句用 as 或 which 引导。区别：意义上：as 含有“这点正如一样” 。位置上：as 从句可置于句首，也可在句中或句尾；which 引导的非限制定语从句只能放在主句之后。He didnt pass the exam，as we had expected.There is lots of air in loose snow，which can keep the c

12、old out.As is known，the earth is round.7.关系副词 when，where，whywhen 指时间in/at/on/during whichwhere 指地点in/at/from whichwhy 指原因for which注意：that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，取代 when，where，why和“介词which”引导的定语从句，修饰的先行词常为 the way，the time，the day，the place 等，在口语中 that 常被省略。I dont like the way (that/in which) he talk

13、s.The day (that/when/on which) she arrived was Thursday.8.必须注意的问题：(1)关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。5(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。定语从句中关系词作从句成分；强调句中 it 无意义，that/who 不是引导词；去掉 it is/was 和 that/who 后，如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。It is the museum that/which we visited last year.(定语从句)It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(强调句)(3)

14、定语从句与同位语从句的区别。定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，that 充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。同位语从句的引导词被叫作连接词，that 不充当任何成分，不可省。We expressed to them our wish that was the same as theirs.(定语从句)Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语从句)(4)关系词在定语从句中省略的情况。关系词作宾语，前无介词时；关系词作表语。(5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是 which 和 whom。(6)几个特殊的定语从句句型：He is the only on

15、e of the students who has got very good marks in the match.(句中 one 为先行词)He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.(句中 students 为先行词)Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?Is this the place (that/which) we visited yesterday?He stood at the window，from where he could se

16、e what was happening.It may rain，in which case the match will be put off.(一)定语从句意识缺失1.关系代词被普通代词取代(误)I have many collections of stamps，some of them are my favorite.(正)I have many collections of stamps，some of which are my favorite.2.关系代词遗漏(误)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows.

17、(正)The last one who leaves the classroom please close the windows.第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。6(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句1.有从无主式(误)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates.(正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates.(正)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates，has a variety of ho

18、bbies.第一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。2.从句成分残缺式(误)Those who against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.(正)Those who are against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.第一句定语从句的成分不完整，缺谓语。介词 against 不能单独作谓语。3.画蛇添足式(误)As can be seen from the picture，t

19、hat a sad boy stands between his angry parents.(误)As can be seen from the picture，a man who is talking happily.(误)I have many collections of stamps，and some of which are my favorite.第一句中关系代词 as 代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词的。所以应去掉that。第二句中同样 as 代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的 who 是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词 and 是多余的。考向

20、1 关系代词引导的限制性定语从句.单句语法填空1.Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018浙江)解析 句中包含定语从句，先行词是 westerners 指人，在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词who/that 引导，故填 who/that。2.Self-driving is an area where China and the rest of the world ar

21、e on the same starting line.(2018江苏)7解析 句意为：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为 an area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词 where。3.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all

22、 causes.(2018全国)解析 此处 a study 是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填 that 或 which。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.Around me in this picture are the things were very important in my theywhich/thatlife at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.(2017全国)解析 things 是先行词，后面是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故引导词用 that 或 which。2.The dishes 或 what I c

23、ooked were Moms favorite.(2016四川)whatwhich/that解析 分析句子结构可知，dishes 后跟的是定语从句，what 不能引导定语从句，应用that/which 引导。引导词在定语从句中作 cooked 的宾语，可以省略，因此也可以把 what删除。考向 2 “介词whom/which”或关系副词引导的限制性定语从句.单句语法填空1.When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the

24、 towns met regularly.(2015广东)解析 根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词 the market，且关系词在定语从句中作状语，故填关系副词 where。2.Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk，but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me，looking annoyed.(2011广东)解析 此处是一个定语从句，缺少关系代词，因为先行词为 other people，指的是人，而且与介词

25、 to 连用，所以填 whom。.单句改错(仅有 1 处错误)They also had a small pond 或 they raised fish.(2018全国) in whichwhere解析 句意为：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处 a small pond 是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用 in which 或 where。考向 3 关系代词或关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句.单句语法填空1.She and her family bicycle to work，which helps them keep fit.(2018北京)解析 句意为：她和她的家人都骑自行车

26、上班，这有助于他们保持健康。根据句意可知，8从句修饰的是前面的整个句子，且此定语从句前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，所以用which。2.Kate，whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.(2018天津)解析 句意为：凯特，在大学时我和她的姐姐共住一室，已经去澳大利亚工作了。句中先行词为 Kate，在非限制性定语从句中作名词 sister 的定语，故用关系代词 whose。3.Like anything，it is possible to have too mu

27、ch of both，which is not good for the health.(2017全国)解析 分析句子结构可知，空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，且指代整个主句的内容，故填关系代词 which。4.But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国)解析 引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语，且指人，故用 who。5.Pahlsson and her husband now thi

28、nk the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，where it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长) through it.(2017浙江)解析 分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the garden，且从句中缺少地点状语，故用 where 引导该定语从句。6.But my connection with pandas goes ba

29、ck to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国)解析 先行词是表示时间的 the mid-1980s，且从句中缺少状语，故填关系副词 when。7.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived f

30、rom roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016全国)解析 所填词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，且在从句中作主语，故填 who。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.In their spare time， they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden， is on the rooftop of their house.(2017全国)thatwhich解析 此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 their garden

31、，关系词在从句中作主语，应用 which 而不能用 that 引导。2.Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，might not be served until 8 oclock at night.(2013新课标全国)thatwhich9解析 此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 dinner，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用which 而不能用 that。3.There，Katia will introduce me to some of her friends，one of has

32、 been whowhomto China several times.(2011重庆)解析 因关系词指人，并且作 of 的宾语，只能用 whom，不能用 who。.单句语法填空1.According to Dr.Lance Workman，these people may develop a temporary moral code in their minds which/that justifies their actions：there are rich people who have things I dont have so its right that I take it.2.T

33、his is the very factory that they visited last summer holiday.3.When facing hardships，only those who are confident will achieve success.4.That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.5.I wish to thank Professor Smith，without whose help I would never have got this

34、far.6.After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，who urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive.7.We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.8.The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play vo

35、lleyball.9.He wrote many childrens books，nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.10.Well reach the sales targets in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.Ive never heard of the people and things you talked about just now.whichthat2.This is the only questi

36、on has been answered.whichthat3.This is the museum 或 where we visited last Sunday.wherewhich/that104.We have made the same mistake you made last time.whichas5.I shall never forget the years I spent in the country with the farmers， thatwhichhas a great effect on my life.6.The young man had a new girl

37、friend，in he took pride.whowhom7.I also enjoyed the evenings 或 when we spent together.whenwhich/that8.The visitors saw rows of houses，the roofs of were red.whosewhich9.Please tell me the way 或 或 which you did the job. in whichthat10.Little has been done is helpful to our work.whatthat.语法填空(定语从句专练)Ya

38、ngshuo，ChinaIt was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care.A few hours before，Id been at home in Hong Kong,1.where I breathed its choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain.Id skipped nearby Guilin,2.which is a dream place for tourists 3.who

39、/that seek the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4.that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead，Id headed straight for Yangshuo.For those 5.who fly to Guilin，its only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.Yangshuo is

40、really beautiful.A study of travelers 6.that/which was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations 7.that/which are famous in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people and their families 8.that/who are in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent,9.which is a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 10.who/that live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.11