浙江省2019高考英语第三部分写作导练案第三讲概要写作练习.doc

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1、1第三讲 概要写作李仕才典例展示(2016浙江高考样题)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it t

2、hat washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived wit

3、h dirt in a friendly way.Henry ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the King ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice nei

4、ghbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War .Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: Cl

5、othes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many firsttime parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the

6、contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者) position is gaining some 2ground.【参考范文】People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要点 1) For a long time in history，people of some European countr

7、ies believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点 2) However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点 3) Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune s

8、ystem.(要点 4)思路导航一、审题体裁 议论文人称 第三人称时态 一般现在时和一般过去时为主要点1.第一段“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点。2.第二段主要谈论的是在 16 世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”。3.第三段用“Though”引出人们对 dirt 观点的转变“.since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away d

9、irt is good to health.”4.最后一段“On the contrary”引出专家的观点，免疫学家认为 dirt 有助于增强免疫系统。二、要点分析1文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”换句话说：“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.”再结合下文谈到的主题可知“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the

10、 skin.”范文中的要点 1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精练。2第二段主要谈到了在 16 世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to block 3out disease”尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句“Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 c

11、entury.”可知，直到 18 世纪之前，人们都认为dirt 是很“友好的” ，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点 2“For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。3第三段用“Though”引出人们对 dirt 观点的转变“.since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.”

12、再结合本段最后一部分“Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea.”可得出要点3“However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”4文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于 dirt 的态度还是有所不同， “On the contrary”引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为 dirt 有助于增强免疫系统。这一

13、观点得到了一些支持。范文中的要点 4“Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很恰切。三、要点连接在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分结构，要点 2 和要点 3 在观点上截然相反，因此，两者之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了“However”恰到好处。要点 3 和要点 4 在观点上又存在不同，因此，范文用了连接词“Yet” 。技法提导一、必备能力概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合

14、体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此考生必须具备以下三种能力：1要具有准确理解文章的能力要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中的所有要点和作者的观点。2要具有意义筛选的能力学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻4辑关系。3要具有用英文解释英文的能力用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，切记不可抄袭原文。二、写作步骤1阅读全文首先要通读全文，对文章的体裁和大意有所了解。阅读时要快速地找到主题句，以便抓住中心，理解全

15、文。考生还需要根据文章内容列出一个简单的提纲，以便在写作过程中不会遗漏要点，总结全面。2写出初稿在写作过程中，考生要注意词数要求，使用精炼的句子概括文章的要点，可以引用所给阅读材料的重要词语，但不可过多，否则便失去了概要的意义；考生还需谨记：概要必须全面、清晰地表达所给阅读材料的信息，客观、准确地反映所给阅读材料的真实意图，不可随意添加或增减内容。3修正定稿初稿完成后，要将其与所给阅读材料核对一遍，看原材料中的要点是否在概要中都得到了体现，语句间的衔接是否符合逻辑，同时还需要检查句子是否有错误，时态和语态的使用是否正确，标点、格式、大小写是否有误等。通过细致的修正与调整，力争使文章在各个方面都

16、万无一失。三、应试技巧1议论文议论文类型的文章通常包括论点、论据和结论三部分，其关键是找出主题句或结论句。因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句、支撑句和结论句。若文中有一分为二的观点的，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。概要模板：论点论据(结论)。议论文可用以下开头语：The passage/author argues that.本文/作者主张The passage/author highlights the importance of.本文/作者强调了的重要性。The passage/author discusses the impact of.本文/作者讨论了的影响。The pass

17、age/author compares.with.本文/作者比较了与2说明文5此类文章通常会有中心句(多在首段)，写概要时要注意找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文章的信息，用自己的话表述出来。不同类型的说明文的几种参考模板：(1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象性质功用利好 ”：(In the passage) the writer introduces.(对象) to us.(性质或功用)(对象带来的利好) (2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题解决方法”：The passage tells us.(问题)(方法 1)(方法 2)(方法 3)(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象原因

18、结果”：The author/writer said/talks about.(现象)(原因/本质 1)(原因/本质 2)(结果)说明文可用以下开头语：According to the passage，we can know.根据文章我们可知This passage/article is mainly about这篇文章主要是关于In the passage，the writer/author mainly tells us在这篇文章中作者主要告诉我们A new study found一个新的研究发现The purpose of the report is to show.这一报告的目的是表明

19、3记叙文记叙文的概要，一般包括记叙文的六个要素：找出时间(when)，地点(where)，什么人(who)，做了什么事(what)，原因是什么(why)，结果怎么样(how)，也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素，然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成几句话即可。当然，不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素，但某人做了某事，结果如何是应当包括的。如果是夹叙夹议的文章，作者对故事的内容发表了议论，或指出了故事给人们的启示的，我们概括时要加上这一内容。因此，概要中一般应包括：(1)谁做了什么？(who did what)(2)结果怎么样？(what was the result)(3)文章揭示了什么？(包

20、括作者的看法、观点、感悟，或写作目的。假如原文没有提及，概括时可以不写)记叙文可用以下开头语：The passage/story is mainly about.本文/这个故事主要是关于The author tells us a story about.作者告诉我们一个关于的故事The passage is a story about.本文是一个关于的故事6According to the passage，we know.根据短文，我们知道四、概要写作四项原则1概要写作时，一定要使用第三人称。2概要写作时，一定不可加入自己的观点。3概要写作时，一定不可对原文内容加以评论。4概要写作时，一定不要

21、引入与原文内容无关的信息。实战演练阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。Are you shy? If you are，you are not alone.In fact，close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.These days，shyness is becoming more and more common.Now，scientists are trying to understand shyness.T

22、hey have some interesting ideas about why people are shy.Is it possible to be born shy? Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behave shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly，these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a result，s

23、cientists think that some shyness is genetic.Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.They found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result，they became shy.At the same time，children with no brothers and sisters may

24、 be shy as well.Growing up alone，they often play by themselves.They are not able to learn the same social skills as children from big families.You may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries，they found surprising differences.In Japan，most peo

25、ple said they were shy.But in Israel，only one of three people said so.What explains the difference? One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.In Japan，when people do not succeed，they feel bad about themselves.They blame themselves for their 7failure.In Israel，th

26、e opposite is true.Israelis often blame failure on outside reasons，such as family，teachers，friends，or bad luck.In Israel，freedom of opinion and risk taking are strongly supported.This may be why Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.For shy people，it can be difficult to make friends，spe

27、ak in class，and even get a good job.But scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation.And dont forgetif you are shy，you are not the only one.【写作指导】本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章的主题段是第一段，主要告诉人们害羞是一种普遍的现象。因此，在概括时要把文章主题段的中心词(shy，common，why)用自己的话概括出来。为了避免雷同，用自己的话

28、概括时要注意同义词的转换，如原文中的 why 可用 the reason 转述。其次，还应注意不能遗漏要点，即害羞的原因，不同国家间的原因是不一样的以及专家给出的克服害羞的建议等。最后，注意词数在 60 词左右，恰当使用过渡词与亮点句型，以使行文连贯。【参考范文】Shyness is common and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.(要点 1) They think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth place.(要点 2) For in

29、stance，younger children or the only child are more likely to be shy.(要点 3)Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes towards failure.(要点 4) To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.(要点 5)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。Weve reached

30、a strangesome would say unusualpoint.While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization(WHO)，more people now die from being overweight than from being underweight.Its the good life thats more likely to kill us th

31、ese days.Worse，nearly 18 million children under the age of five around the world are 8estimated to be overweight.Whats going on?We really dont have many excuses for our weight problems.The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by publichealth campaigns since 2001 and the message is gettin

32、g throughup to a point.In the 1970s，Finland，for example，had the highest rate of heart disease in the world and being overweight was its main cause.Not any more.A publichealth campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 percent over the past three decades.Maybe that explains

33、 why the percentage of people in Finland taking diet pills doubled between 2001 and 2005，and doctors even offer surgery of removing fat inside and change the shape of the body.No wonder it ranks as the worlds most bodyconscious country.We know what we should be doing to lose weightbut actually doing

34、 it is another matter.By far the most popular excuse is not taking enough exercise.More than half of us admit we lack willpower.Others blame good food.They say: its just too inviting and it makes them overeat.Some also blame their parentstheir genes.But unfortunately，the parents are wronged because

35、theyre normal in shape，or rather slim.Its a similar story around the world，although people are relatively unlikely to have tried to lose weight.Parents are eager to see their kids shape up.Do as I saynot as I do.【写作指导】本文是一篇议论文。文章以论证的方式说明了优质生活导致的肥胖问题给人们的健康带来的危害，呼吁人们积极行动远离肥胖，不要再找借口。写作时应注意把握文章要点：1.优质生活

36、成了人们健康的杀手；2.始于 2001 年的公众健康运动让人们意识到肥胖的危害以及在减少肥胖方面所起的作用；3.人们采取消极行动去减肥；4.人们不要再找借口，应该积极采取行动远离肥胖。写作时还应特别注意上下文的连贯和词数的要求。【参考范文】Nowadays，good life becomes the killer of our health.(要点 1) Since 92001，people have gradually realized the dangers of overweight by publichealth campaigns.(要点 2) But they took some negative measures to lose weight.(要点 3) Although there are some excuses like lacking of exercise，good food or genes，people should act positively to lose weight.(要点 4)