SAE J 2592-2013 Carbon Steel Tubing for General Use - Understanding Nondestructive Testing for Carbon Steel Tubing《碳素钢管通用认知无损检测用碳素钢管》.pdf

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1、_ 6$(7HFKQLFDO6WDQGDUGV%RDUG5XOHVSURYLGHWKDW7KLVUHSRUWLVSXEOLVKHGE6$(WRDGYDQFHWKHVWDWHRIWHFKQLFDODQGHQJLneering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole respo

2、nsibility of the XVHU SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprodu

3、ced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-

4、776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2592_201305 SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT J2592 MAY2013 Issued 2006-06 Revised 2013-05 Superseding J

5、2592 JUN2006 Carbon Steel Tubing for General Use - Understanding Nondestructive Testing for Carbon Steel Tubing RATIONALE SAE J2592 Information Report provides a means for the average lay person not directly associated with the manufacturing of bulk steel tubing, a better understanding of the variou

6、s methods to evaluate the molecular integrity of steel tubing without the need of destructing the tubing. This July 2011 project provides five year review with only the following editorial changes. 1. SCOPE This SAE information report provides a means to understand the various methods of evaluating

7、the integrity of steel tubing without the need of destroying the tubing. This report describes eddy current testing, flux leakage testing, ultrasonic testing, and magnetic particle testing of steel tubing. The primary purpose of these methods of testing steel tubing is to look for flaws in the tubin

8、g, such as discontinuities, seams, cracks, holes, voids and other imperfections characteristic to the specific construction of the tubing. 1.1 Purpose This information report is written so the average person can understand its meaning, even though they might not be familiar with steel tube mill acti

9、vities and manufacturing processes. When agreed upon between the user and the manufacturer, nondestructive testing is used in lieu of hydrostatic pressure proof testing, which is a destructive test. The nondestructive testing systems described in this document are currently being used in the U.S. tu

10、bing industry to monitor steel tubing manufactured to the SAE tubing standards listed in the related publications section. These SAE standard tubing materials are primarily intended for mobile/stationary industrial equipment and automotive applications. Aircraft and Aerospace applications were not c

11、onsidered during the preparation of this document. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Technical Report. SAE J2592 Revised MAY2013 Page 2 of 9 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE In

12、ternational, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J356 Welded Flash Controlled Low-Carbon Steel Tubing Normalized for Bending, Double Flaring and Beading SAE J358 Non-Destructive Tests SAE J420 Ma

13、gnetic Particle Inspection SAE J425 Electromagnetic Testing by Eddy Current Methods SAE J428 Ultrasonic Inspection SAE J524 Seamless Low-Carbon Steel Tubing Annealed for Bending and Flaring SAE J525 Welded and Cold Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Tubing Annealed for Bending and Flaring SAE J526 Welded Low-Ca

14、rbon Steel Tubing Suitable for Bending, Flaring, Beading, Forming and Brazing SAE J527 Brazed Double Wall Low-Carbon Steel Tubing SAE J1677 Tests and Procedures for Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel Tubing SAE J2435 Welded Flash Controlled, SAE 1021 Carbon Steel Tubing, Normalized for Bending, Double

15、 Flaring, and Beading SAE J2467 Welded and Cold-Drawn, SAE 1021 Carbon Steel Tubing Normalized for Bending and SAE J2551 Recommended Practices for Fluid Conductor Carbon and Alloy Steel Tubing Applications SAE J2613 Welded Flash Controlled, High Strength (500 MPa Tensile Strength) Low Alloy Steel Hy

16、draulic Tubing, Sub-Critically Annealed for Bending, Double Flaring, and Beading SAE J2614 Welded and Cold-Drawn, High Strength (500 MPa Tensile Strength) Low Alloy Steel Hydraulic Tubing, Sub-Critically Annealed for Bending and Flaring SAE J2658 Carbon and Steel Alloy Tube Conductor Assemblies for

17、Fluid Power and General Use - Test Methods for Hydraulic Fluid Power Metallic Tube Assemblies 2.1.2 ISO Publications Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel:212-642-4900, www.ansi.org. ISO 3304 Plain end seamless precision steel tubes -

18、 Technical conditions for delivery ISO 3305 Plain end welded precision steel tubes - Technical conditions for delivery ISO 8434 Metallic tube connections for fluid power and general use ISO 10763 Plain-end, seamless and welded steel tubes - Dimensions and nominal working pressures EN 10305-2 Welded

19、Cold Drawn Steel Tubes for Precision Applications EN 10305-4 Seamless Cold Drawn Steel Tubes for Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems SAE J2592 Revised MAY2013 Page 3 of 9 JIS G 3454 Welded Carbon Steel Pipes for Pressure Service JIS G 3455 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes for Pressure Service 2.1.3 AST

20、M Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org ASTM A 254 Standard Specification for Copper Brazed Steel Tubing ASTM A 268 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensiti

21、c Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service ASTM A 450/A 450M Standard Specifications for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic Alloy and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubing ASTM A 500 Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes ASTM

22、A 501 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing ASTM A 513 Standard Specification for Electric- Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing ASTM A 519 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing ASTM A 539

23、 Standard Specification for Electric- Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas and Fuel Oil Lines ASTM A 618 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing ASTM A 822 Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel for Hydraulic S

24、ystem Service ASTM A 847 Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless, Low Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance ASTM E 213 Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Ferro Magnetic Steel Tubular Products ASTM E 273 Standard Practice for Ultrasonic

25、 Examination of Longitudinal Welded Pipe and Tubing ASTM E 309 Standard Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tubular Products Using Magnetic Saturation ASTM E 570 Standard Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferro Magnetic Steel Tubular Products ASTM E 1316 - 02a Standard Terminology

26、for Nondestructive Examinations SAE J2592 Revised MAY2013 Page 4 of 9 3. TYPES OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 3.1 Eddy Current Testing Eddy currents are the motion of electrons in a tube caused by a magnetic field generated by an alternating current in a nearby coil. In most applications where tubing is

27、being tested, the tubing is passed through or nearby the coil arrangement, which can be encircling, in a semi-circle or a probe coil. As the tubing passes, the eddy currents are influenced by the characteristics of the metal, which include, conductivity, magnetic permeability, geometry, mass and hom

28、ogeneity. Defects and flaws are detected by abnormal interruptions of the features being monitored and the electromagnetic system records the abnormalities as flaws. In most tube mill operations, the detection of a flaw in the tubing being manufactured automatically shuts down the mill, the flaw is

29、removed, a correction action is determined and initiated, and then the mill is restarted. 3.1.1 Direct Sensing Method or Absolute Method The strength of the eddy currents in the tubing being tested are exponentially proportional to the fill factor or lift-off factor (the amount of the area inside of

30、 the generating coil or the distance of the coil from the tubing being tested) and the excitation frequency. Once the flaw breaks the flow of electrons (eddy current), a sensing coil detects the difference, therefore resulting in the detection of the flaw. The characteristic that the eddy current se

31、nses can be studied by changes in amplitude (strength of signal), distribution and phase of the eddy currents. This method is preferred to detect long or continuous defects. Short or abrupt flaws might not be detected with the absolute method. 3.1.2 Comparison or Differential Method Eddy current tes

32、ting systems can be arranged to compare one section of tubing being tested to a section of tubing with known acceptable characteristics directly adjacent to it, therefore, providing an acceptable or an unacceptable comparison or differential. This method is preferred to find short or abrupt flaws. 3

33、.1.3 Surface Phenomenon Eddy current flow is generally more of a surface phenomenon and the sensitivity to finding flaws below the surface decreases with depth. The depth of penetration also decreases exponentially with increase in frequency. Frequency excitation, magnetic saturation and filtering c

34、an be used to increase sensitivity to subsurface flaws. 3.1.4 Maximizing Eddy Current Setup In any eddy current test setup, it can be difficult to separate flaw signals from noise or vibration. The eddy current setup can be maximized by the following. 3.1.4.1 Proper coil setup. 3.1.4.2 Selection of

35、the proper settings (test frequency, magnetic saturation and filtering). 3.1.4.3 Selection of the proper analysis circuit. 3.1.4.4 Proper testing location in the manufacturing process. 3.1.4.5 Demagnetization of the tubing is preferred after eddy current testing to prevent any shavings, chips or oth

36、er ferrous particles from being attracted to the tubing. The most common way to demagnetize the tubing is draw it through a high intensity alternating current solenoid. 3.1.5 Advantages of Eddy Current Testing 3.1.5.1 Not dependent on defect orientation. 3.1.5.2 Suitable for high production of small

37、 diameter and light wall steel tubing. SAE J2592 Revised MAY2013 Page 5 of 9 3.1.5.3 Well suited for detection of short bond-plane weld defects. 3.1.5.4 Detection of subsurface cracks. 3.1.5.5 No couplant required. 3.1.6 Disadvantages of Eddy Current Testing 3.1.6.1 Can be influenced by non-injuriou

38、s attributes such as hardness, surface condition, grain size, etc. 3.1.6.2 Lacks subsurface sensitivity in heavy wall tube. 3.1.6.3 Can require demagnetization after testing. 3.1.6.4 3.1.6.5 Permeability variations. 3.2 Flux Leakage Testing Flux leakage testing is used to detect surface or near surf

39、ace flaws such as pits, holes, cracks or seams in ferromagnetic tube materials only. Flux leakage testing is performed by magnetizing the tubing, which produces a north and south pole at each side of the flaw. When the flaw is present, the magnetic flux lines are forced to travel through the air at

40、the location of the flaw, causing a leakage of flux. The magnetic flux field is induced into the tubing by applying an electric current into the tube by means of encircling coil or probe coil. The magnetic field induced into the tube needs to be perpendicular to the anticipated flaw. Any discontinui

41、ty in the tubing creates a leakage of flux at the surface of the part. The flaws are detected by the following two types of sensors. 3.2.1 Coil Type Sensor Used to detect short flaws. 3.2.2 Hall Element Used to detect gradual flaws. 3.2.3 Demagnetization Demagnetization of the tubing is preferred an

42、d is usually required after flux leakage testing to prevent any shavings, chips or other ferrous particles from being attracted to the tubing. The most common way to demagnetize the tubing is draw it through a high intensity alternating current solenoid. 3.2.4 Advantages of Flux Leakage Testing 3.2.

43、4.1 Not dependent on defect orientation. 3.2.4.2 Suitable for high production of small diameter and light wall steel tubing. 3.2.4.3 Well suited for detection of short bond-plane weld defects. 3.2.4.4 Well suited for detection of subsurface cracks. 3.2.4.5 No couplant required. SAE J2592 Revised MAY

44、2013 Page 6 of 9 3.2.5 Disadvantages of Flux Leakage Testing 3.2.5.1 Can be influenced by non-injurious attributes such as hardness, surface condition, grain size, etc. 3.2.5.2 Lacks subsurface sensitivity in heavy wall tube. 3.2.5.3 Can require demagnification after testing. 3.2.5.4 Not well suited

45、 for short, small cracks. 3.2.5.5 Permeability variations. 3.3 Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic testing is made possible due to the ability of solid materials to transmit high frequency sound waves. The amount of sound that a material can transmit is based on different physical properties such as densi

46、ty, modulus and grain size. Ultrasonic tests involve introducing controlled sound waves or ultrasonic energy into the tubing and observing how the passage of the sound is affected. Any defect in the tubing reflects or disperses energy. These reflections or dispersions of energy are detected by the u

47、ltrasonic system and are recorded as flaws. 3.3.1 Types of Ultrasonic Testing 3.3.1.1 Pulse Echo Emits short burst of energy into the tubing, measures the amount of energy reflected back to the transducer. If the transducer receives energy, from a certain point, then a flaw is detected. The minimum

48、thickness that the pulse can scan is 0.254 mm. 3.3.1.2 Through Testing A continuous amount of ultrasonic energy is emitted into the tubing and a secondary transducer compares the energy transmitted, also known as the pitch and catch method. 3.3.1.3 Liquid Couplant Contact Testing Technique Contact testing requires the transducer be placed directly on the tubing with a liquid couplant placed between the transducer and tubing. This requires a smooth finish on the tubing. 3.3.2 Advantages of Ultrasonic Testing 3.3.2.1 Excellent subsurface sensitivity in heavy wall tubular products. 3.3.2.