SAE J 98-2004 Personnel Protection for General Purpose Industrial Machines《通用工业机械的人员防护》.pdf

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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro

2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2004 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

3、reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax: 724-

4、776-0790Email: custsvcsae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSURFACEVEHICLESTANDARDJ98REAF.MAY2004Issued 1973-05Reaffirmed 2004-05Superseding J98 NOV1992Personnel Protection for General Purpose Industrial Machines1. Scope and PurposeThis SAE Standard is intended to be used as a guide for manufactu

5、rers and users ofgeneral purpose industrial machines to provide a reasonable degree of protection for personnel during normaloperation and servicing. This document excludes skid steers which are covered by SAE J1388. Avoidance ofaccidents also depends upon the care exercised by such persons (see SAE

6、 J153). Inclusion of this standardin state, federal, or any laws or regulations where flexibility of revision is lacking is discouraged.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. The latest issue of SAE publicat

7、ions shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J38 AUG91Lift Arm Support Device for LoadersSAE J99 MAR86Lighting and Marking of Industrial Equipment on HighwaysSAE J115 JAN87Safety SignsSAE J153 MAY87Operator PrecautionsSAE J185 JUN88

8、Access Systems for Off-Road MachinesSAE J208 AUG86Safety for Agricultural TractorsSAE J297 JUN85Operator Controls on Industrial EquipmentSAE J386 JUN85Operator Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work MachinesSAE J674 NOV90Safety Glazing Materials Motor VehiclesSAE J717 FEB87Auxiliary Power Take-Off Driv

9、es for Agricultural TractorsSAE J721 MAY87Operating Requirements for Tractors and Power Take-Off Driven ImplementsSAE J725 MAR91Mounting Brackets and Socket for Warning Lamp and Slow-Moving Vehicle (SMV)Identification EmblemSAE J920 SEP85Technical Publications for Off-Road Work MachinesSAE J943 JUN8

10、8Slow-Moving Vehicle Identification EmblemSAE J1026 APR90Braking PerformanceIn Service Crawler Tractors and Crawler LoadersSAE J1029 MAR86Lighting and Marking of Construction and Industrial MachinerySAE J1042 FEB86Operator Protection for General Purpose Industrial MachinesSAE J1116 JUN86Categories o

11、f Off-Road Self-Propelled Work MachinesSAE J1170 JUN91Rear Power Take-Off for Agricultural TractorsCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-2-SAE J1362 JUN92Symbols

12、for Controls, Indicators, and Tell-Tales for Off-Road, Self-Propelled WorkMachinesSAE J1388 JUN85Personnel ProtectionSkid Steer LoadersSAE J1473 OCT90Braking PerformanceRubber-Tired Earthmoving Machines2.1.2 ANSIAVAILABLE FROM ANSI, 25 WEST 43RD STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10036-8002ANSI/SAE Z26.1Safety Co

13、de for Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing, Motor Vehicles Operatingon Land Highways2.1.3 ASAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659.ASAE S318.2Safety Chain for Towed EquipmentASAE S318.10Safety for Agricultural Equipment2.1.4 ECE PUBLICATIONAvailable from Econ

14、omic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations 1211 Geneve 10,Switzerland.ECE Regulation #43Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Safety Glazing and GlazingMaterials for Installation on Power Driven Vehicles and Their Trailers2.1.5 ISO PUBLICATIONAvailable from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New

15、 York, NY 10036-8002.ISO 6405-2Common symbols3. Definitions3.1 General Purpose Industrial MachinesAre defined as that class of tractors and associated equipment usedin the operations such as landscaping, construction services, loading, digging, grounds keeping, and highwaymaintenance (see SAE J1116)

16、.3.2 Propelling MachinesAre tractors or self-propelled units.3.3 Towed, Semi-mounted, And Mounted EquipmentAre equipment used in conjunction with propellingmachines as defined in 3.2.3.4 A HighwayIs the entire width between the boundary lines of every way publicly maintained when any partthereof is

17、open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel. (Uniform Vehicle Code published byNational Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances.)3.5 Acute Entry AngleIs the mesh point of gears or the run-on point where a belt or chain contacts a sheave,sprocket, or idler.3.6 A “Guard“ Or

18、 “Shield“Is a barrier which is intended to prevent inadvertent contact with a potential hazardduring operation.3.7 Guarded By LocationA hazard is guarded by location when it is guarded by other parts or components ofthe machine that are not themselves guards, or when the hazard is beyond the safety

19、distance.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-3-4. Labels, Safety Signs, and Instructions4.1 Safety signs shall be displayed to warn the operator and others of p

20、otential hazards during normal operationsand servicing.4.2 Safety signs shall conform to SAE J115.4.3 Controls whose functions are not obvious should be identified. If symbols are used, they shall be inaccordance with SAE J1362 or ISO 6405-2.4.4 Operation, Service, and Maintenance Instructions4.4.1

21、General operator instructions and field maintenance procedures shall be provided by manuals and/ormachine signs. Manuals should have SAE J153 and SAE J920 as a guideline.The manual shall also advise that: In addition to the design and configuration of equipment, hazard controland accident prevention

22、 are dependent upon the awareness, concern, and prudence and requires suitabletraining of personnel involved in the operation, transport, maintenance, and storage of equipment.4.4.2 Written hazard avoidance instructions shall include identification of the need for personal protectiveequipment such a

23、s, but not limited to, protection for the eyes, ears, feet, hands, and head.4.4.3 Stored energy devices can release energy in an uncontrolled and hazardous manner if not disconnectedand/or disassembled following proper procedures. Signs identifying the potential hazard and its propercorrective actio

24、n shall be provided on or near the device and/or to reference such procedures in theoperators manual. Examples of stored energy devices are spring loaded mechanisms, pressurized fluidsystems, and hydraulic accumulators.4.4.4 HYDRAULIC HAZARDS (IF APPLICABLE)The operators service and maintenance manu

25、als shall contain:a. A warning that hydraulic fluid escaping under pressure can have sufficient force to enter a personsbody by penetrating the skin and can cause serious injury and possibly death if proper medicaltreatment by a physician familiar with this type of injury is not received immediately

26、.b. Information cautioning to keep body and hands away from pin holes or nozzles which eject hydraulicfluid under high pressure and to use paper or cardboard and NOT HANDS to search for leaks.c. Information cautioning the operator to make sure all hydraulic fluid connections are tight and allhydraul

27、ic hoses are in good condition before applying pressure to the system.d. Information explaining how to minimize the hazard during the relieving of all pressure or force in eachsystem before disconnecting the lines or performing work on the system.5. Service5.1 Servicing or adjusting shall be done wi

28、th the engine stopped except where specific instructions to performcertain operations with the engine running are provided with the equipment.5.2 Access shall be provided to the areas requiring regular servicing, adjusting, or inspecting.6. Operator Controls6.1 Location and movement of operator cont

29、rols shall be in accordance with SAE J297.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-4-6.2 Controls should be identified. If symbols are used, they shall be in accorda

30、nce with SAE J1362.6.3 Foot pedals shall be of adequate size, spacing, and appropriate configuration, and shall have either slip-resistant surfaces or other means of minimizing the possibility of operators feet slipping off the pedals.6.4 Hand controls shall be of appropriate configuration and size

31、to permit an adequate grasp and hand clearance.7. Operating and Servicing Positions7.1 All propelling machines and equipment shall be equipped with access systems in accordance with SAE J185.7.2 If the mounting step(s), ladder(s), or handhold(s) of the propelling machine are made inaccessible byinst

32、allation of mounted equipment, similar facilities for steps and handholds shall be provided on theequipment.7.3 A slip-resistant means shall be provided on the operators platform to minimize the possibility of slipping.7.4 Glazing material, such as glass or plastic used in cabs, shall be of a type a

33、nd quality that minimizes the risk ofinjury due to fragmentation when fractured in accordance with SAE J674, except that:7.4.1 Windshields may conform to tempered safety glass, Item 2 of ANSI Z26.1 (see draft latest issue).7.4.2 Windshields may include zone toughened glass conforming to ECE Regulati

34、on Number 43 (see draft latestissue).7.4.3 Curved and flat glazing material larger than 1.4 m2(15.1 ft2) for windshields and for side and rear windows ofpropelling machines may deviate from 7.4.1 requirements in that, when broken, what appears to be the 10largest particles shall weigh no more than t

35、he equivalent weight of 64.5 cm2(10 in2) of the sample.7.5 If the operation of the equipment or machine requires a second person on either the propelling machine or theequipment, a suitable position shall be provided which conforms to Section 7. Instructions shall discourageany other person from rid

36、ing on either the equipment or the propelling machine.7.6 All sharp edges and corners at the operators station and entry way shall be appropriately treated to minimizepotential hazard to the operator.8. Power Take-OffThe power take-off (PTO) and power take-off drive lines shall conform to the provis

37、ions ofSAE J1170, SAE J721, and the PTO section of SAE J208. Auxiliary power take-offs shall conform to SAEJ717. Non-standard auxiliary drives intended to power only selected implements or attachments should be soidentified.9. Tractor Rollover Protection9.1 Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) and F

38、alling Object Protective Structure (FOPS) shall be provided andconform to SAE J1042.9.2 Batteries, fuel tanks, oil reservoirs, and coolant systems should be constructed, located, or sealed perguidelines in SAE J1042.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo r

39、eproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-5-10. Shields or Guards10.1 Traction ElementsAll propelling machines shall be provided with fenders or guards to minimize thepossibility of the operator, when in the normal position within the operators stati

40、on, contacting moving tractionelements, unless the propelling machine is fitted with equipment or other means of accomplishing this purpose.10.2 Engine ComponentsProvisions shall be made to minimize the possibility of personal contact with rotatingcomponents when the engine is running.10.3 Heat Prot

41、ectionA guard or shield shall be provided to minimize inadvertent contact with surfaces hotenough to cause personal injury during normal operation or servicing.10.4 Power Drives on Propelling Machines and EquipmentThe acute entry angles of exposed gears, belts,and chain drives and idlers shall be co

42、vered by shields, rods, mesh, or other portions of the machine tominimize the possibility of inadvertent contact.10.5 Constant running drives, or drives that rotate when the engine is running with all clutches disengaged, shallhave the outside face of pulleys, sheaves, sprockets, and gears, plus the

43、 sides at acute entry angles coveredby a shield.10.6 Rotating shafts and projections, such as exposed bolts, keys, or set screws on sprockets, sheaves or pulleys,shall be shielded unless guarded by location.10.7 Ground drives shall be shielded in accordance with 10.4 and 10.6 if personnel are expose

44、d to them while thedrives are in motion.10.8 Functional components, such as cutterbars, flail rotors, mixing augers, conveying augers, rotary tillers, andsimilar units which must be exposed for proper function shall be shielded to a degree consistent with theintended function of the component.10.9 A

45、ccess doors and shields, which present the risk of injury from functional components when not in place, shallnot be readily detachable from the machine.10.10 Access doors and shields for functional components which continue to rotate after the power is disengagedand present the risk of injury shall

46、have a suitable safety sign provided in the immediate area.10.11 Shields shall be free from sharp corners and projections.11. Raised ComponentsA means shall be provided to protect against inadvertent dropping of liftedcomponents on propelling machines or equipment which must be in raised position fo

47、r normal servicing oradjusting. (For front-end loaders, see SAE J38.)12. Travel on Highways12.1 Lighting and markings of propelling machines and equipment shall conform to SAE J99.12.1.1 The operators manual for the unit shall instruct the user to operate the flashing warning light whenever theprope

48、lling machine is on a highway except where such use is prohibited by law.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-6-12.2 Hitch pins and other hitching devices shall

49、be provided with a retainer to prevent accidental unhitching.12.3 Components that are retracted to decrease transport width shall have a means for securing during transport.12.4 Provisions shall be made for the use of safety chains on equipment which is towed behind motor vehicles onhighways (see ASAE S338.2).12.5 Slow moving vehicle identification emblem and mounting shall conform to SAE J943 and SAE J725.13. Braking and Par