SAE AS 5402A-2010 Design and Performance Criteria Aircraft Crash Axes《飞机应急斧设计与性能标准》.pdf

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1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref

2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication ma

3、y be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside US

4、A) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AS5402AAEROSPACESTANDARDAS5402 REV. A Issued 2001-08 Revised 2010-04Superseding AS5402 (R) Desi

5、gn and Performance Criteria Aircraft Crash Axes RATIONALEThis revision clarifies the crash ax handle grip and nameplate requirements and the use of the mandating and recommending words “Shall” and “Should”. For clarity, the referenced documents that are applicable to this standard have been separate

6、d from those that are considered related publications. 1. SCOPE This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria and performance tests for crash axes intended for use by aircraft crew members to assist in evacuation, extrication, fire fighting, or other emergency activities. 1.1 Purpose The

7、 purpose of this AS is to assure minimum standards of functionality and performance for crash axes carried aboard aircraft for use by crew members in emergency situations. 1.2 Introduction In the preparation of this document, consideration has been given to the performance of existing equipment as w

8、ell as recommendations from flight crew associations, aircraft operators, aircraft manufacturers, and emergency equipment manufacturers. The primary goal of this AS is to ensure that crash axes will perform adequately in emergency situations. 1.3 Alternative Designs The specifications and test metho

9、ds provided herein anticipate a traditional “crash ax“ configuration with the striking head at one end of a handle and other features including a pike, wedge and pry bar. The striking force is applied perpendicular to the major axis of the handle. These specifications are not intended to limit the d

10、esign to this traditional configuration. Other alternative designs having a different configuration or other features may be evaluated and determined to meet this Aerospace Standard. In evaluating the alternative designs, it shall be demonstrated that the design offers at least an equivalent level o

11、f utility and effectiveness in satisfying the functional performance of ARP5403 on crash axes, as well as the functional tests of Section 5 of this Aerospace Standard. This evaluation shall consider the flight deck and cabin emergencies anticipated by each of the specific design features, and it sha

12、ll ensure that ease of stowage and emergency use in a confined flight deck space is not compromised. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AS5402A Page 2 of 122. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicab

13、le Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In theevent of conflict between the text o

14、f this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warre

15、ndale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.ARP5403 Aircraft Crash Axes 2.1.2 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.AS

16、TM E 1842-96 Standard Test Method for Macro-Rockwell Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials 2.1.3 Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) Available from the United States Government Printing Office, 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20401,Tel: 202-512-0000, www.gpoaccess.gov.14 CFR Part 25 Air

17、worthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes, 25.8532.1.4 RTCA Publications Available from Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Inc., 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 805, Washington, DC 20036, Tel: 202-833-9339, www.rtca.org.RTCA DO-160F Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne

18、 Equipment, December 6, 2007 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this Aerospace Standard.2.2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-

19、7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AIR5401 Aircraft Crash Axes 2.2.2 Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) Available from the United States Government Printing Office, 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20401,Tel: 202-512-0000, www.gpoaccess.gov.14 CFR Par

20、t 91 General Operating and Flight Rules, 91.513(e)Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AS5402A Page 3 of 1214 CFR Part 121 Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Oper

21、ations, 121.309(e)14 CFR Part 125 Certification and Operations: Airplanes having a seating capacity of 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity of 6000 pounds or more, 125.207(a)14 CFR Part 135 Operating Requirements: Commuter and On-Demand Operations, 135.177(a) 2.2.3 Other Related Publi

22、cations Ergonomics, How to Design for Ease and Efficiency, Kroemer, Karl; Kroemer, Henrike; Kroemer- Elbert, Katrin; Prentice Hall International Series in Industrial & Systems Engineering, 1994 2.3 Definitions 2.3.1 CRASH AX A hand tool to aid aircraft crew members in emergencies. The hand tool is t

23、o assist crew members in penetrating aircraft materials and for prying, twisting and cutting jammed items that are impeding the crews ability to respond to an emergency2.3.2 AX BLADE The ax blade is the part of the crash ax used to cut or chop through materials such as interior paneling, fuselage sk

24、in, electrical wires, etc. The blade is part of the ax head. FIGURE 1 CRASH AX BLADE 2.3.3 PIKE The pike is the part of the crash ax used to make small openings through materials such as interior paneling, fuselage skin, doors, etc. The pike is typically part of the ax head. FIGURE 2 CRASH AX PIKE C

25、opyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AS5402A Page 4 of 122.3.4 WEDGE The wedge is the part of the crash ax used to widen gaps and/or facilitate a prying action (such as prying a door ja

26、mmed in its frame). A handle of sufficient length attached to the wedge is necessary in order to use the tool as a lever. FIGURE 3 CRASH AX WEDGE 2.3.5 HANDLE The handle is the part of the crash ax which facilitates the tools carriage and use as both a striking implement and/or as a pry bar. It shal

27、l provide sufficient space for a users hands, allowing a proper grip in order to use the components of the crash ax. FIGURE 4 CRASH AX HANDLE NOTE: The illustrations included in 2.3.2 through 2.3.5 are not intended to be design or configuration limiting. 2.4 Mandating and Recommending Words 2.4.1 SH

28、ALL: Indicates a mandatory criterion. 2.4.2 SHOULD: Indicates a criterion for which an alternative, including noncompliance, may be applied if it is documented and justified. 3. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS As a minimum, the crash ax design shall facilitate assisting crew members performance of the follo

29、wing emergency functions:a. Prying open jammed flight deck/other emergency exits (e.g., sliding windows, plug hatches, flight deck entry doors, cabin doors, etc.). b. Prying open jammed or locked access panels. c. Penetrating bulkheads or panels to permit application of fire extinguishing agent. Cop

30、yright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AS5402A Page 5 of 12d. Penetrating aircraft skin, bulkheads or panels when the airplane is on the ground to permit ventilation of fire and for clean a

31、ir to breathe. e. Chopping holes in side windows to permit or assist in extrication, to permit application of fire extinguishing agent, and/or to permit ventilation. f. Penetrating inadvertently inflated devices (e.g., life rafts, etc.). 3.1 Minimum Features The crash ax shall include (but not be li

32、mited to) the following functional design features which conform to testing requirements specified in Section 5. 3.1.1 Ax blade for cutting. 3.1.2 Pike for penetrating. 3.1.3 Wedge (with associated handle) for prying and twisting. 3.1.4 Handle to provide: a. A grip to facilitate both two-handed and

33、one-handed use of the tool by either hand, and b. A lever-arm of sufficient length to allow application of leverage and/or torque as required by the functions listed in 3.1.1, 3.1.2, and 3.1.3 and as tested in Section 5. The handle may be of fixed length or may be extendible/retractable to facilitat

34、e increasing leverage, stowage, and/or other usage considerations. 3.2 Ax Supplementation It is preferred that one multifunction tool be provided to perform the functions in 3.1.1 through 3.1.4. However, where axes perform all specified functions, with the exception of those associated with prying,

35、a supplemental pry bar shall be supplied to augment the existing ax so that the combination of tools meets the minimum standards herein. 4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Refer to 2.3.2 through 2.3.5 for measurement methods. Dimensions specified in 4.1.1 through 4.1.4 are nominal and are provided for design g

36、uidance. 4.1 Overall Size The overall length in either the extended or retracted mode shall be in a range from 30.48 to 76.2 cm (12 to 30 in). 4.1.1 Ax Blade 4.1.1.1 Length The blade length shall be in a range from 5.08 to 10.16 cm (2 to 4 in) long. 4.1.1.2 Depth The blade shall be able to penetrate

37、 at least 5.08 cm (2 in) into a surface before the handle contacts the surface. 4.1.2 Pike 4.1.2.1 Length The pike length shall be in a range from 5.08 to 8.25 cm (2 to 3.25 in) long. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permit

38、ted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AS5402A Page 6 of 124.1.2.2 The pike depth at its deepest point shall be in a range from 1.78 to 2.54 cm (0.7 to 1 in ) deep. 4.1.2.3 The pike thickness shall be in a range from 0.76 to 2.29 cm (0.3 to 0.9 in). 4.1.2.4 The pike taper shall be no more than 0.27 cm

39、 thickness per cm length (inches thickness per inch length) and no less than 0.13 cm thickness per cm length (inches thickness per inch length), in at least one dimension (thickness or depth). Expressed as an angle, the pike shall have a point that converges at an angle between 15 and 30 degrees. 4.

40、1.3 Wedge 4.1.3.1 The wedge shall be tapered. The wedge length shall be in a range from 6.35 to 10.16 cm (2.5 to 4 in). 4.1.3.2 The wedge width shall be in a range from 1.27 to 5.08 cm (0.5 to 2 in) wide (lateral to ax handle, in plane of blade).4.1.3.3 The wedge point shall have a radius of not mor

41、e than 1 mm (0.039 in) and a taper within the following range. The wedge thickness shall be no less than 1 mm (0.039 in) nor more than 3.2 mm (0.125 in), measured at 2.5 mm (0.1 in) from the wedge point. The wedge shall not be thicker than 5.08 cm (2 in) at its thickest point. 4.1.4 Handle 4.1.4.1 G

42、rip Size Handle grip diameter shall be in a range from 3 to 5 cm (1.18 to 1.96 in). The handles shall have a grip area large enough for two hands (20 cm (7.87 in) minimum length). See the ergonomic reference in 2.2.3 for supporting documentation.4.1.4.2 Handle Length The handle length shall be in a

43、range from 20.32 to 45.72 cm (8 to 18 in). If the handle is extendible, it shall lock in both the fully extended and fully retracted positions. 4.2 Weight The ax shall weigh not less than 1.13 kg (2.5 lb) nor no more than 4.54 kg (10 lb). The center of gravity of the ax shall be located between the

44、head of the ax and the midpoint of the tool when used in the normal striking mode. 4.3 Durability and Reliability The crash ax shall be designed to meet the following requirements: 4.3.1 All functional areas with the exception of the handle grip shall be constructed of maintenance-free metal or allo

45、y material complying with Section 6. 4.3.2 The handle grip shall have a non-slip surface and be constructed of maintenance-free materials complying with Section 6. 4.3.3 All materials used, except those used for markings, shall be self-extinguishing when tested in accordance with applicable requirem

46、ents of 14 CFR 25.853. 4.3.4 The handle grip shall not conduct electricity as confirmed by tests conducted in accordance with Section 6. 4.4 Color The ax shall be colored to enhance its visibility in emergency lighting conditions. The handle insulation should have retroreflective material at the top

47、 and bottom of the handle to increase its visibility under conditions of low visibility. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AS5402A Page 7 of 125. TEST PROCEDURES - FUNCTIONAL 5.1 Fo

48、rmat for Detailed Test Information a. INTENT - Explanation of the reason for the test b. FIXTURE - Design of the standard test fixture (includes reference diagram) c. METHOD - Procedure to follow in evaluating the tool (includes reference diagram) d. PASS/FAIL CRITERIA - Criteria used to evaluate test results 5.1.1 The following tests are designed with the assumption that the ax user approaches an immovable assembly and an attempt is made to use the ax on the assembly. The user is simulated by a mechanical force application. The ax user is assumed to b