[考研类试卷]考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷222及答案与解析.doc
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1、考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷 222 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness peoples self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps d
2、rivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior theyre meant to encourage.A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donateblood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of
3、empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentivesshowing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating bloo
4、d decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called “the moral sentiments.
5、“ The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuffwe are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and digni
6、fied. And they dont want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruistic than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close s
7、upervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economicsand a prescription for sullen employees.Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether were being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can implysometimes wronglywhat m
8、otivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.This does not mean its impossible to appeal to self-interested and eth
9、ical motivations at the same timejust that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual eli
10、mination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.1 From the first two paragraphs, we know that _.(A)organizational and social progresses depend on
11、 economic incentives(B) economic incentives actually discourage people to behave well(C) economists didnt agree with Titmuss for the lack of empirical evidence(D)economists now prompt businesses to note down Titmusss claim2 According to experimental economists, _.(A)more money is offered, fewer peop
12、le donate blood(B) economic incentives may run in the opposite direction(C) a decreasing number of people donate blood for charity(D)economic incentives clash with “the moral sentiments“3 We know from the text that incentives are characterized as _.(A)counterproductive(B) manipulating(C) implicative
13、(D)effective4 The small tax on plastic grocery bags in Ireland is mentioned to show that _.(A)Ireland is determined to eliminate plastic pollution(B) incentive policies by the government are more effective(C) incentives can harness egoism and inspire altruism(D)monetary punishments usually have mora
14、l implications5 The text intends to tell us that _.(A)businesses might as well put economic incentives to fuller play(B) incentives have more negative influences than positive ones(C) money is not everything, instead, there is always something else(D)incentives may go wrong when they clash with “the
15、 moral sentiments“5 Those days are long gone when placing a telephone call meant simply picking up the receiver and asking the operator to patch you through. Modern cell phones require users to navigate a series of menus to find numbers, place calls or check messages. Even the most tech-savvy may ta
16、ke weeks to discover some of the more mysterious multimedia functions. Imagine the difficulty forsomeone unable to read.That is the challenge for mobile communications companies aiming to branch out into developing countries. The prospects seen from the last decade are alluring: only about one tenth
17、 of Indias population use cell phones. But selling to poor rural areas is not likely to happen with a marketing version of “plug and play.“ Most potential buyers have little exposure to anything other than simple electronics. Reading through a series of hierarchical menus and pushing buttons for mul
18、tiple purposes would be new concepts for such customers.To come up with a suitable device, Motorola relied on a team of anthropologists, psychologists and designers to study how textually illiterate villagers use their aging televisions, tape players and phones. The researchers noticed that their su
19、bjects would learn each buttons dedicated function. With something more complicated, such as an automated teller machine, users would memorize a set of behaviors in order, which allowed them to move through the machines basic hierarchy without having to read the menu.The research, which lasted three
20、 years, led Motorola to craft a cellular phone slimmed down to three essential activities: calling, managing numbers and simple text messaging. “A lot of the functions in a cell phone are not useful to anyone,“ points out Gabriel White, who headed the interactive design team. The icon-based interfac
21、e also required thought.Not all cell phone companies believe that a design for nonliterate users should start from scratch. Nokias behavioral researchers noticed that “newbies“ rely on friends and relatives to help them with basic functions. Rather than confronting the challenge of a completely new
22、interface, Nokia chose to provide some audio menus in its popular 1100 model and a preview mode so that people could try out functions without the risk of changing anything important. Mobile phones may even become tools for literacy, predicts BJ Fogg, who studies computer-human interaction at Stanfo
23、rd University. Phones might teach the alphabet or tell a story as users read along. “Imagine if it eventually could understand your weak points and drill you on those,“ Fogg proposes. And soon enough, he declares, designs or illiterate users will lead to more straightforward, elegant phones for ever
24、yone.6 The difference between modem cell phones and old phones lies in that _.(A)it requires more intelligence and education to use modern cell phones(B) it takes more weeks to get familiar with modern cell phones(C) modern cell phones are more complicated with many functions(D)modern cell phones ar
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