ASTM F2948-2013 Standard Guide to Walkway Auditor Qualifications《人行道审计师资格标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: F2948 13Standard Guide forWalkway Auditor Qualifications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2948; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind

2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide outlines basic knowledge topics that walk-way auditors should consider (where applicable) when con-ducting audits of pedestrian walkways.1.2 This sta

3、ndard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1

4、ASTM Standards:2F2508 Practice for Validation, Calibration, and Certificationof Walkway Tribometers Using Reference Surfaces3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 walkway tribometer, nany apparatus used to mea-sure the frictional forces acting at an interface between awalkway surface and shoe material.

5、 F25083.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 walkway auditor, na person competent to offerreliable observations and opinions regarding the conformanceof an audited walkway to relevant safety guidelines or require-ments.3.2.2 guiding document, na standard, regulation, law,code, dire

6、ctive, statute, ordinance, or similar document thatnominally limits, requires, or otherwise guides certain activi-ties or conditions; the specific relevance or applicability of thedocument may vary.4. Significance and Use4.1 Characterizing the safety of a pedestrian walkway is asignificant task, whe

7、ther as a proactive effort or in response toan incident. In addition to experience, the qualifications for awalkway auditor should include reasonable familiarity withguiding documents, sources for research, walkway tribometry,and walkway safety. This guide outlines topics for a walkwayauditor traini

8、ng course intended to facilitate that familiarity.4.2 As certain countries have codified requirements for themethods to be used in walkway auditing, it would be imprac-tical to keep this guide current with those requirements.Though elements of practice in other countries may be similar,the focus of

9、this guide is on the practice of walkway auditingin the United States.4.3 Additional information is provided in Appendix X1.5. Basic Knowledge Topics5.1 Goals and Terminology of Walkway Auditing:5.1.1 Use of terminology.5.1.2 Pedestrian safety.5.1.3 Incident investigation.5.2 Selected Information So

10、urces:NOTE 1Inclusion in this section does not imply applicability orrelevance to a particular audit.5.2.1 Standards Development Organization AccreditingANSI: American National Standards Institute (http:/www.ansi.org).5.2.2 Standards Development Organizations:5.2.2.1 ASSE/ANSI: American Society of S

11、afety Engineers(http:/www.asse.org), A1264.2 Subgroup - Standards for SlipResistance and Prevention of Slips, Trips and Falls.5.2.2.2 ASTM International (http:/www.astm.org), C21 Ce-ramic Whitewares pedestrians; slip resistance; tribometer; walkwaysAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. BASIC KNOWLED

12、GE TOPICSX1.1 Goals and Terminology of Walkway AuditingX1.1.1 Use of TerminologyCoefficient of friction, slipresistance, traction.X1.1.2 Pedestrian SafetyProactive audits, research.X1.1.3 Incident investigation.X1.2 Selected Information SourcesNOTE X1.1Inclusion in this section does not imply applic

13、ability orrelevance to a particular audit.X1.2.1 Guiding Documents from Standards DevelopmentOrganizations:X1.2.1.1 ASSE/ANSI:3(1) A1264.1 Safety Requirements for Workplace Walking/Working Surfaces and Their Access; Workplace Floor, Walland Roof Openings; Stairs and Guardrails Systems(2) A1264.2 Sta

14、ndard for the Provision of Slip Resistanceon Walking/Working Surfaces(3) TR-A1264.3 Technical Report: Using Variable AngleTribometers (VAT) for Measurement of the Slip Resistance ofWalkway SurfacesX1.2.1.2 ASTM C212C1028 Standard Test Method forDetermining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceram

15、ic Tileand Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal DynamometerPull-Meter MethodX1.2.1.3 ASTM D212D2047 Standard Test Method forStatic Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring Sur-faces as Measured by the James MachineX1.2.1.4 ASTM F13:23Available from American National Standards Institute (AN

16、SI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.F2948 132(1) F609 Standard Test Method for Using a Horizontal PullSlipmeter (HPS)(2) F1637 Standard Practice for Safe Walking Surfaces(3) F1646 Standard Terminology Relating to Safety andTraction for Footwear(4) F1694 Standard Gui

17、de for Composing Walkway Sur-face Investigation, Evaluation and Incident Report Forms forSlips, Stumbles, Trips, and Falls(5) F2048 Standard Practice for Reporting Slip ResistanceTest Results(6) F2508 Standard Practice for Validation, Calibration,and Certification of Walkway Tribometers Using Refere

18、nceSurfaces(7) F2913 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Coef-ficient of Friction (Slip Resistance) of Footwear and TestSurfaces/Flooring Using a Whole Shoe TesterX1.2.1.5 ASTM F152F462 Standard Consumer SafetySpecification for Slip-Resistant Bathing FacilitiesX1.2.1.6 ICC/ANSI3A117.1 Accessible

19、and UseableBuildings and FacilitiesX1.2.1.7 ICC4International Building CodeX1.2.1.8 IES5LM-64 Photometric Measurements of Park-ing AreasX1.2.1.9 NEMA/ANSI:3(1) Z535.1 Safety Colors(2) Z535.2 Environmental and Facility Safety Signs(3) Z535.3 Criteria for Safety Symbols(4) Z535.4 Product Safety Signs

20、and Labels(5) Z535.5 Safety Tags and Barricade Tapes (for Tempo-rary Hazards)(6) Z535.6 Product Safety Information in Product Manuals,Instructions, and Other Collateral MaterialsX1.2.1.10 NFPA 1016Life Safety CodeX1.2.1.11 SAE J1857Access Systems for Off-Road Ma-chinesX1.2.1.12 UL 4108Test Method fo

21、r Measuring Wet SCOFof Common Hard-Surface Floor MaterialsX1.2.2 State, County, and Local Guiding Documents:X1.2.2.1 Municipal Code Publishers:(1) Municipal Code Corporation (http:/)(2) Walter H. Drane Company (http:/)(3) American Legal Publishing Company (http:/)(4) General Code (http:/)(5) Coded S

22、ystems LLC (http:/)X1.2.3 Selected U.S. Federal Government Guiding Docu-ments:X1.2.3.1 OSHA929 CFR 1910 Subpart D, Subpart EX1.2.3.2 ADA:10(1) Standards for Accessible Design: 28 CFR 36(2) Standards for Transportation Facilities: 49 CFR 37(3) Standards for Transportation Vehicles: 49 CFR 38(4) Stand

23、ards for Passenger Vessels: 49 CFR 39X1.2.4 Guiding Document Preambles and Archives:X1.2.4.1 U.S. Federal Government guiding documents: no-tices of proposed rulemaking, public comment periods, direc-tives.X1.2.4.2 State, county, and local guiding documents: juris-dictional variations, multi-entity c

24、ontrol.X1.2.4.3 Consensus standards: access to deliberationdocuments, ballots, minutes, correspondence.X1.2.5 Technical Publications and Journals:X1.2.5.1 Applied Ergonomics: Elsevier (http:/).X1.2.5.2 Ergonomics: Taylor or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F2948 135