ASTM F2867-2013 Standard Terminology Relating to Thoroughbred Horse Racing Surfaces《赛马场跑道铺面相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: F2867 13Standard Terminology Relating toThoroughbred Horse Racing Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2867; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines thoroughbred horse racingterms for use in the development of standard test methods andspecifications for equestrian s

3、urfaces used for racing ortraining, or both.1.2 The terms defined in this terminology are appropriatefor use by track maintenance persons and practitioners, racingofficials, and other industry persons in matters concerningequestrian surfaces used for thoroughbred racing or training, orboth.1.3 While

4、 this terminology standard has some similar termsapplicable to other forms of horse racing or equestrian sports,this standard is not intended to address all of the terms that maybe applicable to these other racing forms or sports.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standar

5、d. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:all weather racing, nracing which takes place on anartificial surface.DISCUSSIONThe premise of artificial surfaces is that th

6、ey are (orshould be) suitable for racing under any weather conditions. See alsosynthetic track.apron, nthe paved area between the grandstand and theracing surface.backstretch, nstraight section of the far side of track,between the turns.bumper race, na type of race which is intended to conditiona ho

7、rse for Hunt (or jump) racing in which similar distances(long distances) and track layouts are utilized as in used forjump racing but without the horses traversing any obstacles.DISCUSSIONThis is a type of racing in which horses are beingconditioned (or trained) for the jump races, often with horses

8、 whichpreviously had only been raced on ovals for flat racing at short andmiddle distances.circuit (circuit racing), nracing in which the racing eventsare conducted over a period of time (racing season) in aseries of short racing events (one to several day period) at asuccession of various racing ve

9、nues.DISCUSSIONIn this type of racing, typically the series of race eventsare conducted at a single venue site over a single day or a fewsuccessive days and at the close of the race events the horses areexpected to depart the race venue. The horses would then compete atanother track which holds thei

10、r race events over a short duration (oneto several days) before closing with the horses subsequently moving tothe next venue site. Racing may return to a particular race venue site ona monthly or seasonal basis. Racing venues which host circuit racingseldom board horses or serve as a training facili

11、ty. In the US, circuitracing is primarily restricted to state and county agricultural fairs.chute, nan extension of the backstretch or homestretch so asto permit a straightaway run from start.Clegg Impact Soil Tester, na brand-specific type of light-weight portable device used to measure impact atte

12、nuation.See also impact analyzer.clubhouse turn, ngenerally, the turn (curve) immediatelyafter the finish line.DISCUSSIONIn a typical US racetrack (oval) configuration, theclubhouse (or primary grandstand area) is located adjacent to the finishline which is located toward the end of the finishing st

13、retch (straight-away). Therefore, the turn which is nearest to the clubhousesection ofthe grandstands (or to the finish line) has traditionally been referred toas the clubhouse turn. For racing distance in which a completetraverse of the oval is completed, the clubhouse turn is also the first turnof

14、 the position, nsee cushion composition.condition, nas in track condition, the term used to classifyor assign a grade to the level of soils in regards to itsperformance for racing.cuppy, na dry and loose racing surface that breaks awayunder a horses hooves.DISCUSSIONIn soil mechanical terms, a cuppy

15、 cushion is a conditionwhere the soil shear strength is insufficient for race footing. The lowshear strength may be an exhibited condition which is inherent of thecushion material or from varying soil compaction levels.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipm

16、ent, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.28 on Equestrian Surfaces.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/F2867-13.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

17、. United States1cushion composition, nthe specific constituent materials ofthe cushion defined by their respective percentages of thetotal mass on a dry weight basis.DISCUSSIONFor a dirt track cushion, typical materials include sand,silt, clay, and organic matter. For synthetic track cushion, typica

18、lmaterials include binder (wax or polymer), sand, fiber and rubber.dead track, nracing surface lacking pliability.dogs, nrubber traffic cones (or wooden barrier) placed acertain distance out from the inner rail, to prevent horsesduring workout period, when track is wet, muddy, softyielding or heavy,

19、 from churning the footing along the rail.dirt track, na track surface which is composed of naturalsoil materials and is devoid of vegetation.DISCUSSIONThe soil texture of a dirt track can vary throughout thetextural range but is commonly a Sand or Loamy Sand textured soilmaterial and often contains

20、 additions of organic matter. The profile ofthe dirt track construction typically consists of a regularly-harrowedcushion layer on top.engineered wood fiber, nprocessed wood that is ground to afibrous consistency, randomly sized, having a maximumlength (typically 1 mile) straights. Many tracks also

21、havevarious extensions or chute configurations. See also chute. Hurdleracing may be conducted on a wide variety of layouts from a designatedcourse (such as an oval) to an event specific layout in a cross-countryfashion.main track, nwith a racetrack venue having more than oneoval racetrack, the main

22、track is traditionally the oval whichhas the most race events.DISCUSSIONIn North America, the main track is most often a dirttrack. In other areas of the world, the main track may be dirt, turf,or synthetic. This is typically (but not always) the outer most oval inthe configuration.meet (race meet),

23、 nthe practice of conducting races for aseason or extended length of time during the year.DISCUSSIONOften, racing is conducted a set number of days perweek during the race meet while the horses typically board and train atthe race venue on a daily basis. Horses can train daily, usually in themorning

24、, primarily on the main track surface.middle distance, nin a broad sense, a distance from one mileto less than a mile and an eighth.national fence, na hurdle measuring approximately 54 in.(137 cm) in height and 47 in. (119 cm) in depth which ismade of artificial material, the principal components of

25、which are simulated branches made of plastic which havebeen inserted into a steel frame which is then set behind afoam-rubber “takeoff” roll.penetrometer, na mechanical device (instrument) which isused to measure the ease of penetration of an object into thesoil.pole, nmarkers at measured distances

26、around the track,marking the distance from the finish.DISCUSSIONThe measured distance of the pole denotes the namingof the subsequent pole. For example, the quarter poledenotes the polewhich is a quarter mile distance from the finish, not from the start.post, nthe starting point or position on the t

27、rack of thestarting gate.F2867 132racetrack, na specially-surfaced course (whether turf, dirt(bare soil) or synthetic) which typically has its total distancemeasured in terms of miles, meters, or furlongs, or acombination thereof.rail, na barrier, generally made of aluminum (which mayalso be covered

28、 with a plastic shield), which forms the insideand outside perimeter of the racing surface.sealed track, na dirt track that has been packed down(usually via use of a float).DISCUSSIONSealed tracks are track surfaces that are prepared whilein a normal condition (dry or moist but not wet) in advance o

29、f a rainfallevent. Dry tracks are sealed in advance of rainfall so that water runs offthe surface of the track, reducing the amount of precipitation absorbedor infiltrating into the surface/cushion. Sealing of dry tracks by floating,in preparation of rainfall, may also be accompanied by rolling toin

30、crease surface compaction. In wet conditions, wet tracks are oftenfloated simply to smooth the soil and provide a safe and even racingsurface.sprint, nshort race, less than one mile.steeplechase race, na race over obstacles, either hurdle ortimber fences. See also jump race.hurdle race, na steeplech

31、ase or jump race over obstaclesmade of natural or artificial brush.timber race, na steeplechase or jump race over obstacleswhich include, but are not limited to, natural wood rails, logs,boards, or stone walls.stretch, nthe straight portions of the racetrack.DISCUSSIONUsually denoting the home or fi

32、nal stretch. The stretchportion on the backside of the track is usually denoted as thebackstretch.stretch turn, nthe bend of the track into the homestretch, ormore properly the turn section immediately transitioninginto the homestretch. See also home turn and far turn.synthetic track, na racing surf

33、ace which is composed of asignificant amount of non-natural binder or fiber materials,or both. See also all-weather racing.DISCUSSIONA synthetic cushion material typically includes a binder(wax or polymer), sand, fiber and rubber. The intent of a syntheticcushion racing surface is to provide proper

34、footing for racing in whichthe footing properties are not dramatically affected by climatic changes.In addition to the synthetic cushion surface, these systems are oftenengineered systems which include a subsurface drainage system and apermeable-paved transition layer between the cushion and the dra

35、inagesystem.timber race, nsee steeplechase race.track bias, na racing surface that favors a particular runningstyle or position; horses that run on the lead or on the rail.track condition, nsee condition.track superintendent, nthe official responsible for main-taining acceptable racing and training

36、track conditions dur-ing a race meet/event.turf track, na racetrack which is vegetated with turfgrass;often referred to as simply the turf.wire, nthe finish line of a race.wood fiber, nwoody material sometimes used for trainingtrack surfaces. See also engineered wood fiber.works, nrace horse trainin

37、g event, usually timed, at or closeto racing speed.DISCUSSIONOn turf tracks, works (turf works) typically occur on alimited or occasional basis and often restricted to specific horses (byinvitation) and number of horses. Often conducted with dogs out torestrict the horse traffic to the outside secti

38、ons of the turf track tominimize damage/traffic on the main racing lanes.3. Keywords3.1 athletic field; equestrian; footing; horse; racetrack; rac-ing; sports; sports field; sports surfaces; surfaces; thoroughbredASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asser

39、ted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by

40、the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receiv

41、e careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Intern

42、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F2867 133