ASTM F2084-2001(2007)e1 Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments《受控环境中安全壳吊杆性能数据采集的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: F 2084 01 (Reapproved 2007)e1Standard Guide forCollecting Containment Boom Performance Data inControlled Environments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re

2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEReferenced ASTM Standard D 4092 was editorially corrected to be Test Method D 4052 in May 2007.1. Scope

3、1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effectiveness offull-scale oil spill containment booms in a controlled testfacility.1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that maybe considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility ofthe user of this guide to procure and abide by t

4、he necessarypermits for disposal of the used test oil.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility

5、of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Ag

6、ainstWater by the Ring MethodD 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D 2983 Test Method

7、for Low-Temperature Viscosity ofLubricants Measured by Brookfield ViscometerD 4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oilby the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterF 631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Pe

8、rformance Data inControlled EnvironmentsF 818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Barriers3. Terminology3.1 Boom Performance Data TerminologyTerms associ-ated with boom performance tests conducted in controlledenvironments:3.1.1 boom submergence (aka submarining)containmentfailure due to loss of

9、freeboard.3.1.2 first-loss tow/current velocityminimum tow/currentvelocity normal to the membrane at which oil continuallyescapes past a boom This applies to the boom in the catenaryposition.3.1.3 gross loss tow/current velocitythe minimum speedat which massive continual oil loss is observed escapin

10、g pastthe boom.3.1.4 harbor chopa condition of the water surface pro-duced by an irregular pattern of waves.3.1.5 preloadduring testing, the quantity of test fluiddistributed in front of and contained by the boom prior to theonset of a test.3.1.6 tow speedthe relative speed difference between aboom

11、and the water in which the boom is floating. In thisstandard guide relative current speed is equivalent.3.1.7 wave height(significant wave height) the averageheight, measured crest to trough, of the one-third highestwaves, considering only short-period waves (i.e., period lessthan 10 s).3.1.8 wave p

12、eriod(significant wave period) the averageperiod of the one-third highest waves, measured as the elapsedtime between crests of succeeding waves.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide defines a series of test methods to determinethe oil containment effectiveness of containment booms whenthey are subje

13、cted to a variety of towing and wave conditions.The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boomfirst loses oil (both in calm water and in various wave1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of

14、 SubcommitteeF20.11 on Control.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 2084 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Ann

15、ual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.conditions), the tow speed at which the boom reaches a grossoil loss condit

16、ion (both in calm water and in various waveconditions), boom conformance to the surface wave conditionsfor various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies, (quali-tatively), resulting tow forces when encountering variousspeeds and wave conditions, identifies towing ability at highspeeds in calm wa

17、ter and waves, boom sea-worthiness relativeto its hardware (i.e., connectors, ballast members), and generaldurability.4.2 Users of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boomdraft to tank depth can affect test results, in particular the towloads (see Appendix X1 discussion).4.3 Other variables s

18、uch as ease of repair and deployment,required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportabil-ity also affect performance in an actual spill but are notmeasured in this guide. These variables should be consideredalong with the test data when making comparisons or evalua-tions of containment b

19、ooms.5. Summary of Guide5.1 This guide provides standardized procedures for evalu-ating any boom system and provides an evaluation of aparticular booms attributes in different environmental condi-tions and the ability to compare test results of a particular boomtype with others having undergone thes

20、e standard tests.5.2 The maximum wave and tow speeds at which any boomcan effectively gather and contain oil are known as boundaryconditions. Booms that cannot maintain their design draft,freeboard, profile, and buoyancy at these conditions may beless effective. The boundary conditions depend on the

21、 charac-teristics of oil viscosity, oil/water interfacial tension andoil/water density gradient.6. Test Facilities6.1 Several types of test facilities can be used to conduct thetests outlined in this guide:6.1.1 Wave/Tow TankA wave/tow tank has a movablebridge or other mechanism for towing the test

22、device throughwater for the length of the facility. A wave generator may beinstalled on one end, or on the side of the facility, or both.6.1.2 Current TankA current tank is a water-filled tankequipped with a pump or other propulsion system for movingthe water through a test section where the test de

23、vice ismounted.Awave generator may be installed on this type of testfacility.6.1.3 Other facilities, such as private ponds or flumes, mayalso be used, provided the test parameters can be suitablycontrolled.6.2 Ancillary systems for facilities include, but are notlimited to a distribution system for

24、accurately delivering testfluids to the water surface, skimming systems to assist incleaning the facility between tests, and adequate tankage forstoring the test fluids.7. Test Configuration and Instrumentation7.1 The boom should be rigged in a catenary configuration,with the gap equal to 33 % of th

25、e length; or boom gap-to-length ratio of 1:3. Towing bridles are generally provided bythe manufacturer for both ends of the boom which provideattachment points for towing (Fig. 1).At each end of the boom,the towing apparatus shall be joined to the tow bridle or towlead by a single point only. Boom t

26、owing force should bemeasured with in-line load cells positioned between the boomtowing bridles and tow points.7.2 Preload oil should be pumped directly into the boomapex.7.3 Data obtained during each test should include electroni-cally collected data and manually collected data. Oil and waterproper

27、ty data should be based on fluid samples obtained duringthe test period. Recommended data to be collected duringtesting, along with the method of collection, is listed in Table1.8. Test Fluids8.1 Test fluids may be crude, refined, or simulated, butshould be stable and have properties that do not var

28、y during atest run. Test oils for use with this guide should be selected tofall within the range of typical oil properties as defined inAppendix X2 of this guide.8.2 Test fluids should be discharged at ambient watertemperatures to reduce variation in fluid properties through atest run.9. Safety Prec

29、autions9.1 Test operation shall conform to established safety (andregulatory) requirements for both test facility operations andoil handling. Particular caution must be exercised when han-dling flammable or toxic test fluids.FIG. 1 Typical Boom Test Setup in TankF 2084 01 (2007)e1210. Test Variables

30、10.1 At the onset of the test the independent or controlledtest parameters should be selected. The test evaluator shouldinclude a discussion of the procedures that were used toestablish calibration and standardization. These procedurestypically include initial calibrations, pre-test and post-testche

31、cks, sampling requirements and documentation of signifi-cant occurrences/variations, and data precision and accuracy.10.2 Data should be expressed with an indication of vari-ability. Table 2 contains a list of typical measurements showingattainable precision and accuracy values.10.3 Varying surface

32、conditions should be employed duringtesting. Conditions should be measurable and repeatable.Examples of achievable surface conditions in controlled testenvironments are:10.3.1 CalmNo waves generated.10.3.2 Wave #1sinusoidal wave with an H13 of .30 metres(12.0 inches), wavelength of 4.27 metres (14.0

33、 feet), and anaverage period of t=1.7 seconds. (Wave dampening beaches areemployed during the generation of this wave condition).10.3.3 Wave #2Sinusoidal wave with an H13 of .42 metres(16.5 inches), wavelength of 12.8 metres (42.0 feet), and anaverage period of t=2.9 seconds. (Wave dampening beaches

34、 areemployed during the generation of this wave condition).10.3.4 Wave #3A harbor chop condition with an averageH13 of .38 metres (15.0 inches). This is also defined as aconfused sea condition where reflective waves are allowed todevelop. No wavelength is calculated for this condition.where:H13 = si

35、gnificant wave height = the average of the highest13of measured waves,L = wavelength = the distance on a sine wave from troughto trough (or peak to peak), andT = wave period = the time it takes to travel one wave-length.11. Procedures11.1 Prior to the test, select the operating parameters, thenprepa

36、re the facility and containment boom for the test run.Measure the experimental conditions.11.1.1 The conventional boom under test should be afull-scale representative section. The boom sections basicphysical properties should be measured in accordance withASTM definitions. Table 3 contains a list of

37、 typical measure-ments and additional specification data.11.2 Measure or note immediately prior to each test thefollowing parameters:11.2.1 Wind speed, direction.11.2.2 Air and water temperature.11.2.3 General weather conditions, for example, rain, over-cast, sunny, etc.11.2.4 The test fluid used fo

38、r testing should be characterizedfrom samples taken each time the storage tank is filled. As aminimum, the test fluid should be analyzed for viscosity,surface and interfacial tension, specific gravity and bottomTABLE 1 Typical Data Collected During TestsDataTypicalInstrumentationCollectionMethodWind

39、 Speed,DirectionWind Monitor Computer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsAir and WaterTemperatureResistance TemperatureDetector (RTD),Themocouples,Mercury ThermometerComputer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsTowSpeed/RelativeCurrentPulse Counter andDigital InputTachometer, CurrentMeterComputer, ControlConsole, Lo

40、cal DisplayWave Data Distance Sensor,Capacitance probe,Pressure SensorComputer/Data loggerTow Force,Average(Maximumduring WaveConditions)Load Cell Computer/Data loggerTest Fluid(VolumeDistributed)Storage Tank LevelSoundings, or DistanceSensor and capacity vs.Volume ConversionsComputer/Data Logger,Ma

41、nual ReadingsDistribution Rate Positive DisplacementPump with SpeedIndicator, VolumeDistributed Divided byTimePump Control Panel,Computer/Data Logger,Manual ReadingsTABLE 2 Measurement Precision and AccuracyMeasurement Accuracy (6) Precision (6)Bottom solids andWaterTo be determined(ASTM)To be deter

42、mined(ASTM)Oil Distribution 0.3 m3/HR 0.05 m3/HRSalinity .01000 .01000Specific Gravity,Density.001 g/cm30.0001 g/cm3Surface Tension 0.1 Dyne/cm 0.04 Dyne/cmTemperature 0.2C 0.2CTow, CurrentSpeeds (Tank/Openwater)0.051 m/se. (.1 kt)/0.255 m/sec (.5 kt)0.0255 m/sec (.05kt)/0.102 m/sec (.2 kt)Tow Force

43、 0.25 % of full scale 2.5 lbs/1000 lbsViscosity 2.0 % 1.0 %Wave Meter,(Tank/Open Water)6 mm/10 mm 1.44 mm/10 mmWind Direction 3 3Wind Speed 0.3 m/s (0.6 mph) 0.3 m/s (0.6 mph)TABLE 3 Typical Basic Physical PropertiesSpecification DataMeasurementAs reported byManufacturerAs measured byTesterBoom Type

44、 Fence, curtain, fire containment, otherLength m (ft) Standard section length, total rigged sectionHeight mm (in) Standard section heightFreeboard mm (in) Distance above water lineDraft mm (in) Distance below water lineWeight of Section kg/m(lb/ft)Boom Fabric Type (freeboard and skirt material)and T

45、ensile Strength CharacteristicsBallast Length m (ft)Ballast Bottom Tension Member Type/BreakStrength and LengthABallast Weight kg/m (lb/ft) Chain, cable or weightsGross Buoyancy Flotation/Buoyancy Type (Air inflatable/foam)Buoyancy to Weight Ratio Calculated/Measured (Method shall be documented)Acce

46、ssories Anchor points, lights, tow lines, bridles, etc.End Connector Type ASTM Standard, otherNumber of tensionmembers and LocationTop, bottom, middle, otherAAll measurements should be taken when member is tensioned to the loadexpected at a 1 knot tow speed.F 2084 01 (2007)e13solids and water. The r

47、esults of each analysis as presented inTable 2 will be reported.11.2.5 Periodic samples of the test basin water should betaken to monitor the water properties to include oil and grease,salinity, pH, and turbidity.11.3 Place the containment boom in the test basin (Fig. 1).Confirm that rigging has bee

48、n in accordance with manufacturerspecifications. Document set-up conditions, for example, towbridle elevation, boom gap opening, and/or general rigging.Start the oil distribution system, tow mechanism or water flow(if necessary) to begin the test run. The following test param-eters will be performed

49、 as outlined in Table 4.11.3.1 The test starts with a Dry Run to confirm theequipment has been properly rigged and all data collectioninstrumentation is functioning.11.3.2 The Dry Run is followed by Preload test runs.Preload tests determine the minimum volume of test fluidnecessary for a containment boom to display loss by entrain-ment, and simultaneously determine the volume of test fluid aboom holds until the addition of fluid has a “minimal” effect onthe first loss tow speed. As preload volumes are increased,there is a volume at which the addition o