ASTM F1220-1995(2014) Standard Guide for Emergency Medical Services System &40 EMSS&41 Telecommunications《应急医疗服务系统(EMSS)远程通信的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: F1220 95 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forEmergency Medical Services System (EMSS)Telecommunications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year

2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers telecommunications practices andperformance standards required to support all of the functionsof

3、 community EMSS on a statewide basis. It defines stateplanning goals and objectives for EMSS communications.1.2 This guide is for planning, coordinating, integrating, andevaluating telecommunications resources statewide to satisfythe functional needs of comprehensive community EMSSsystems.1.3 To fac

4、ilitate a two-tiered planning approach recom-mended for EMSS communications, this guide identifies thosecommunications system features that should be coordinated ona statewide basis and defined in statewide (first tier) EMSScommunications planning guidelines. Local (second tier)EMSS communications p

5、lans prepared in accordance with thestatewide guidelines should then be tailored to satisfy localEMSS needs while providing compatibility and interoperabil-ity of communications with other EMSS.1.4 The sections in this guide appear in the followingsequence:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Termino

6、logy 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Functions and Categories of EMSS Communications 6Telecommunications Functions 6.1Telecommunications Categories 6.2EMSS Functional Communications Requirements 7General Information 7.1Citizen Access 7.2EMSS Vehicle Dispatch and Coordination 7.3Medical Coor

7、dination/Direction 7.4Interservice Communications 7.5Radio Frequency Spectrum and Service Requirements 8Radio Frequencies 8.1EMSS Radio Service Coverage 8.2Operational Considerations 8.3Goals and Objectives for EMSS Communications 9Goal 1State EMSS Communication Should MeetRecognized Standards for F

8、unctional Performance 10Goal 2Local EMSS Communications Should beCompatible with, and Should Not Interfere with, EMSSCommunications in Neighboring Area 11Goal 3Local EMSS Communications SystemsShould be Compatible with, and Should Not Interferewith, Other Types of Communications Systems 12Goal 4EMSS

9、 Communications Systems ShouldMake Maximum Use of State and Common ResourcesWhere Appropriate, Cost Effective, and Authorized 13Goal 5The State Should Act as the Representativeof Local EMSS in Dealing with Federal Agencies andNational Organizations 14Goal 6The State Should Have a Program forPositive

10、 Management of Its EMSS CommunicationsActivities 15Emergency Medical Radio Services (EMRS) RadioFrequencies (MHz) Appendix X1Acronyms and Glossary for EMSS Communications Appendix X2References1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It

11、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1031 Practice for Training the Emergency Medical Tech-nician (Basic)F1149 Pract

12、ice for Qualifications, Responsibilities, and Au-thority of Individuals and Institutions Providing MedicalDirection of Emergency Medical ServicesF1221 Guide for Interagency Information ExchangeF1229 Guide for Qualification and Training of EMS AirMedical Patient Care ProvidersF1254 Practice for Perfo

13、rmance of Prehospital Manual De-fibrillation (Withdrawn 2007)3F1258 Practice for Emergency Medical Dispatch1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F30 on EmergencyMedical Services and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F30.04 onCommunications.Current edition approved June 1

14、, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallypublished as F1220 89. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F1220 95(2006). DOI: 10.1520/F1220-95R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards

15、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F1287 Guide for Sc

16、ope of Performance of First RespondersWho Provide Emergency Medical CareF1381 Guide for Planning and Developing 9-1-1 EnhancedTelephone Systems (Withdrawn 2008)3F1418 Guide for Training the Emergency Medical Techni-cian (Basic) in Roles and Responsibilities (Withdrawn2007)3F1453 Guide for Training a

17、nd Evaluation of First Respond-ers Who Provide Emergency Medical CareF1517 Guide for Scope of Performance of Emergency Medi-cal Services Ambulance OperationsF1552 Practice for Training Instructor Qualification andCertification Eligibility of Emergency Medical Dispatch-ersF1560 Practice for Emergency

18、 Medical Dispatch Manage-ment2.2 Federal Standards:CommunicationsAct of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 405) (as amended)4Title 47, United States Code of Federal Regulations (47CFR) on Telecommunications43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 goala statement of broad direction, gener

19、al purpose,or intent. A goal is general and timeless and is not concernedwith a specific achievement within a given time period.3.1.2 objectivea statement of desired accomplishment thatcan be measured within a specified time frame and underdeterminable conditions. The attainment of an objective move

20、sthe system toward a directly related goal.3.1.3 Communications terminology used in this guide andreferences are defined in Appendix X1, Acronyms and Glos-sary for EMSS Communications.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide identifies the functions and requirements ofEMSS telecommunications. Observance of

21、 the state EMSScommunications planning goals and objectives contained inthis guide permits planning and implementation of compatible,interoperable, and reliable local EMSS communications whichmeet local needs while not interfering with the needs ofadjoining EMSS.4.2 EMSS communications should satisf

22、y all of the perfor-mance goals and objectives specified by those who use it andthose who are served by it. However, many constraints such ascosts, political, demographic and social preferences, existinglegislation and time, limit what can be achieved.5. Significance and Use5.1 In situations in whic

23、h the coordination of EMSS com-munications among political subdivisions affects the health andsafety of the states population, it is appropriate for stategovernment to take a coordinating role. Statewide planning forcoordinated use of radio frequencies for EMSS communica-tions is specifically needed

24、.5.2 The state is the logical unit to formulate the statutoryand regulatory framework for EMSS planning. State planningfor area-wide EMSS communications provides authority toaccomplish coordination in the use of available radiofrequencies, thus promoting multiagency cooperation to bestserve the publ

25、ic needs.5.3 With statewide planning, communities, counties, andmulticounty EMSS regions are provided with guidance toachieve the performance goals and objectives of their EMSScommunications systems.5.4 The statewide EMSS communications performancegoals and objectives in Sections 1015address specifi

26、c rolesof state governments in EMSS communications systems plan-ning. These performance goals and objectives should beconsidered by states for evaluating, planning, and implement-ing of acceptable EMSS communications statewide.6. Functions and Categories of EMSS Communications6.1 Telecommunications

27、FunctionsThe report “Communi-cations in Support of Emergency Medical Services,” given inRef (1),5defines the following EMSS functions that requiretelecommunications:6.1.1 Medical emergencies requiring EMSS responseshould be reported immediately to appropriate communityagencies that manage and contro

28、l EMSS resources and ser-vices.6.1.2 Appropriate EMSS resources should respond to hu-man health emergencies at any time and place.6.1.3 Recognition of the need for and immediate responseby EMSS resources to life threatening and serious injuries andillness should be provided within a time period that

29、 will ensurethe greatest saving of lives and reduction of morbidity.6.1.4 EMSS and other health agencies and professionalsshould marshal their individual and collective resources (staff,equipment, supplies, and facilities) and coordinate their re-sponses in the shortest effective time to meet indivi

30、dual andmass medical emergency needs.6.1.5 Emergency medical dispatchers should have specialtraining to provide guidance and direction to persons at thescene of a medical emergency pending arrival of trainedprehospital EMSS personnel.6.1.6 EMSS must be coordinated with other communitypublic safety e

31、mergency response services.6.1.7 The use of EMSS facilities (emergency departments,intensive care, and coronary care units, burn and traumafacilities, and so forth) should be coordinated so as to avoidpreventable delays in access to definitive emergency medicalcare.6.1.8 For life threatening and ser

32、ious medical emergenciesand in other instances requiring invasive prehospital emer-gency medical care, appropriate physiological data and patientassessment information should be collected and transmitted4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., N

33、W, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of thisguide.F1220 95 (2014)2from the site of the emergency to the EMSS facility providingon-line medical direction.6.1.9 Telecommunications relating to EMSS should berecorded, documented,

34、 saved, and used by EMSS managers toreview, evaluate, revise, and reorganize EMSS as necessary tomeet changing conditions and needs.6.1.10 Telecommunications should exist between EMSSfacilities and transport vehicles for safe interhospital transfer ofpatients with life threatening and serious medica

35、l emergencies.6.1.11 Telecommunications should be used as needed, toimprove utilization of all EMSS resources and to prevent ormitigate adverse effects of medical emergencies.6.2 Telecommunications CategoriesBased on the aboveEMSS needs, the following categories of information exchangerequiring tele

36、communications are defined in Ref (1) as beingnecessary to support of EMS operations.6.2.1 EMSS AccessExchanges of information related topublic access for reporting emergency medical situations toappropriate EMSS response organizations.6.2.2 EMSS Dispatch and ControlExchanges of informa-tion related

37、 to reducing response time, such as alerting,dispatching, and controlling the movement of EMS vehicles.6.2.3 Medical Coordination/DirectionExchanges of infor-mation related to the emergency patient and his care, such astransmission of physiological information and exchange ofpatient assessment infor

38、mation and treatment information be-tween EMS personnel at the scene and physicians providingon-line medical direction.6.2.4 EMSS Resource CoordinationExchanges of infor-mation necessary for the effective coordination of all EMSresources.6.2.5 Interservice CoordinationExchanges of informationfor coo

39、rdination of EMS activities with police, fire, govern-ment agencies, and other resources, such as public utilities andprivate contractors.6.2.6 Disaster CoordinationExchanges of information re-lated to the coordination of EMS activities with those of local,state, and national disaster response autho

40、rities.7. EMSS Functional Communications Requirements7.1 An EMSS communications system should provide themeans by which emergency resources can be accessed,mobilized, managed, and coordinated. To accomplish this, acommunications system must incorporate operational provi-sions to use sufficient wire-

41、line and radio linkages and channelsamong all EMSS participants over the service area of theEMSS (and for disaster response, between EMSS serviceareas) to facilitate the EMSS functional needs described in 7.2through 7.5 for communications.7.2 Citizen Access:7.2.1 The EMSS communications system shoul

42、d have theability to receive and process any incoming calls that reportemergencies and request emergency medical assistance. Per-sons should be able to summon help rapidly in an emergencysituation. They should be able to call for police, fire, rescue,and other emergency aid promptly, without confusi

43、on, andwithout familiarity with a particular community. Local,statewide, and nationwide uniformity is needed to accomplishthis objective.7.2.2 For several years, numerous governmentalcommissions, legislative bodies, private organizations, andcitizen groups have recommended the establishment of asing

44、le, universal “Nationwide 9-1-1 Emergency TelephoneNumber” to meet this need for improved emergency commu-nications. The achievement of this recommendation was statedas a matter of national policy in Bulletin No. 73-1 “NationalPolicy for Emergency Telephone Number 911” issued by theExecutive Office

45、of the President on March 21, 1973. The“nine-one-one” concept provides a single number that is easyto use and remember. Moreover, implementation of the three-digit emergency telephone number 9-1-1, encourages coordi-nated efforts between those providing communications servicesand emergency responses

46、. The 9-1-1 concept should be in-cluded in EMSS communication planning with other methodsof citizen access, primarily for its impact on response time andenhanced coordination among participants. Citizen accesscommunications, primarily uses telephones, both public andprivate, to call 9-1-1 Public Saf

47、ety Answering Points (PSAP).7.2.3 On the nations highways, citizen access to EMSS isfacilitated by use of mobile communications services thatenable drivers to rapidly report observed motor vehicle acci-dents and other emergency conditions to public safety serviceproviders. In areas having cellular t

48、elephone coverage, motorvehicle occupants with cellular telephone may make directcalls to the local 9-1-1 PSAP. This use of cellular telephone foraccessing public safety services is being facilitated throughrule changes initiated in 1994 by provisions of the FederalCommunications Commission Rules un

49、der RM-8143 DocketNo. 94-102; to ensure compatibility of cellular 9-1-1 calls withenhanced 911 emergency calling systems. Also, Citizen Band(CB) mobile radio operators can report observed emergenciesto volunteer CB base station radio monitors who in turn relaythe information to appropriate public safety response agenciesvia the 9-1-1 emergency telephone number or some otherprearranged telephone number. Similarly, mobile equippedamateur radio operators can report observed emergencies toappropriate public safety authorities via the 9-1-1 emergencytelephone numbe