ASTM F1125-1987(2006) Standard Terminology of Image Quality in Impact Printing Systems《冲击式打印系统中成象质量的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: F 1125 87 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Terminology ofImage Quality in Impact Printing Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1125; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re

2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology presents a means to accurately de-scribe the quality of impact printed images. This includes anup-to-date g

3、lossary and a description of probable causes forspecific phenomena that relate to image quality. Illustrations tocomplement the definitions of copy quality terms are included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 149 Terminology Relating to Optical Character Recogni-tionF 221 Terminology Rela

4、ting to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made TherefromF 909 Terminology Relating to Printers3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology includes terms developed and ap-proved by impact printing systems manufacturers, suppliesmanufacturers, and end users to describe most image qualit

5、yparameters concerning impact printed images.3.2 This terminology is intended to aid in general commu-nications on impact printer copy quality parameters andprovide a partial trouble shooting list, when less than accept-able copy quality is obtained.4. Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard

6、4.1 character spreadamount of change of a characterwidth greater or less than the original character width on thetype element, printwheel, or hammer (see Fig. 1).4.2 correctabilitymeasure of image removal or cover-upby typing over with correction tapes or tabs (see Fig. 2).4.3 edge definitiondegree

7、of waviness along the edge oftype characters (see Fig. 3).4.4 extraneous ink and spatterthe presence of ribbon inkwhere no images should be present. This ink cannot beremoved by wiping lightly (see Fig. 4).4.5 fill-inpresence of ribbon ink in an area of a printedcharacter that should be void of ink

8、(see Fig. 5).4.6 flaking or bridgingpresence of loose ribbon coatingmaterial attached to a character or in nonimage areas whichmay or may not be removed by lightly wiping. These flakes1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 onBusiness Imaging Products and is the direct resp

9、onsibility of Subcommittee F05.01on Nomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2006. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F 1125 87 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM

10、Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.NOTE 1See 4.1 for a description of this term. Probable causes are asfollows:(1) Amount of ink on ribbon,(2 Ink formulation,(3) Type of ribbon (for

11、 example, single strike correctable or multistrike),(4) Type of paper used,(5) Type font used,(6) Condition of the type element, printwheel, or hammer (for example, worn ordirty),(7) Condition of the typewriter platen roll; and(8) Hammer energy used.FIG. 1 Character SpreadUncorrectedlower case “o”Po

12、or machineregistrationExcessive characterspreadGood correction,no visible imageNOTE 1See 4.2 for a description of this term. Probable causes are asfollows:(1) Rough, cockle, or heavy laid paper surfaces,(2) Poor lift-off or cover-up material,(3) Excessive hammer energy,(4) Excessive coating on ribbo

13、n,(5) Poor machine registration during overprinting withcorrection tape tab,(6) Paper not in uniform contact with the platen roll,(7) Platen roll needs reconditioning or replacement,(8) Wrong type of correction material for ribbon used,(9) Excessive line spread due to worn printwheel, and(10) Noncor

14、rectable ribbon used.FIG. 2 Correctability1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.may also appear in ribbon cartridges and as dirt in the machinebeing used (see Fig. 6).4.7 over-strikea void on a printed character due to stri

15、k-ing over the same area of the ribbon as the previous characterwhen using a single strike ribbon (see Fig. 7).4.8 smudgetendency of a typed image to streak on toadjacent nonimage area when rubbed (see Fig. 8).4.9 spalling or hangerspresence of loose ribbon coatingmaterial attached to a character wh

16、ich may be removed bywiping lightly. Smears may result if the loose material isdisturbed, especially when encountered on multistrike ribbons(see Fig. 9).4.10 visual densitythe relative darkness of impact printedcharacters as judged by the eye (see Fig. 10).4.11 voids or broken charactersabsence of i

17、nk withincharacter outline (see Fig. 11).NOTE 1Additional terms may be found in Terminologies F 149,F 221, and F 909.5. Interpretation5.1 The probable cause of obtaining less than acceptablecopy quality could be one or more of the defects listed inSection 4, or a cause(s) not currently listed, or bo

18、th.NOTE 1See 4.3 for a description of this term. Probable causes are asfollows:(1) Amount of ink on ribbon,(2) Ink formulation,(3) Type of ribbon (for example, single strike correctable or multistrike),(4) Type of paper used,(5) Type font used, and(6) Worn or damaged printwheel, element, or hammer.F

19、IG. 3 Edge DefinitionF 1125 87 (2006)2Spatter consists of ink spots around the character outline and is a defect most fre-quently associated with fabric ribbonsExtraneous ink consists of ink spots which may be attached to the characteroutline or randomly scattered around the characterNOTE 1See 4.4 f

20、or a description of this term. Probably causes are as follows:(1) Worn or damaged element, hammer, or printwheel,(2) Excessive coating on ribbon,(3) Poor ribbon-coating adhesion to base film, and(4) Rough, cockle, or heavy laid paper surfaces.FIG. 4 Extraneous Ink and SplatterNOTE 1It is common prac

21、tice to use the “%” sign when checking for the fill-in tendency of ribbons. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Worn or damaged element, hammer, or printwheel,(2) Excessive coating on ribbon,(3) Poor ribbon tension control, and(4) Excessive hammer energy.FIG. 5 Fill-InThis partial filling in between

22、lines of characters is bridging Flaking is randomly scattered spots usually found in non-image areas around typedcharacters. One test method is to use a series of lower case “h” charactersNOTE 1See 4.6 for a description of this term. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Obstruction in cartridge, ribbo

23、n guides, or card guides disturbing coating on ribbon prior to typing,(2) Ribbon despooling prior to use,(3) Poor ribbon coating adhesion to base film,(4) Dirty typewriter,(5) Worn or damaged element, hammer, or printwheel,(6) Ribbon telescoping on supply side,(7) Excessive hammer energy,(8) Ribbon

24、threaded incorrectly, and(9) Poor ribbon tension control.FIG. 6 Flaking or BridgingF 1125 87 (2006)3On single strike ribbons, the shape of this void may match the previouscharacterOn a multistrike ribbon, part or the entire charactermay be less dense when overstrike occursTotal character deletionNOT

25、E 1See 4.7 for a description of this term. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Obstruction in cartridge,(2) Ribbon telescoping on supply or take-up side,(3) Poor ribbon tension control (ribbon flip), and(4) Inadequate ribbon drive torque.FIG. 7 Over-StrikeThe level of smear in the nonimage areas is u

26、sually evaluated against visual standards or as a light reflectance value obtained with a densitometerNOTE 1It is common practice to use the upper case letter “I” when checking for the smudge tendency of ribbons. See 4.8 for a description of thisterm. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Amount of ink

27、 on ribbon,(2) Ink formulation,(3) Type of ribbon (for example, single strike correctable or multistrike),(4) Type of paper used,(5) Type font used (for example, bold font may smear more),(6) Condition of the type element, printwheel, or hammer,(7) Condition of the typewriter platen roll, and(8) Dir

28、ty card guide or paper bail rolls, or both.FIG. 8 SmudgeSpalling usually appears as small chunks of ribbon coating at the edge ofcharactersThe most common test to determine the spalling tendency of coated ribbons is touse a series of underscores, then calculate the percent that contain the defectNOT

29、E 1These two terms are used interchangeably for the same defect. See 4.9 for a description of these terms. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Poor ribbon coating adhesion to base film,(2) Excessive hammer energy,(3) Mismatch between type font and ribbon,(4) Poor ribbon tension control,(5) Paper not

30、in uniform contact with the platen roll,(6) Platen roll needs reconditioning or replacement, and(7) Defective printwheel.FIG. 9 Spalling or HangerF 1125 87 (2006)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this s

31、tandard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be re

32、viewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of therespons

33、ible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West

34、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).NOTE 1See 4.10 for

35、 a description of this term. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Amount of ink on ribbon,(2) Ink formulation,(3) Overstriking may make image appear lighter,(4) Type of ribbon (for example, single strike correctable or multistrike),(5) Type of paper used,(6) Type font used (for example, bold type font

36、 may appear darker),(7) Condition of the type element, printwheel, or hammer,(8) Condition of the typewriter platen roll, and(9) Hammer energy used, especially with multistrike ribbons.FIG. 10 Visual DensityUpper case “M” (No voids) Partial Deletions and Voids Total Image DeletionNOTE 1See 4.11 for

37、a description of this term. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Rough, cockle or heavy laid paper surfaces,(2) Insufficient hammer energy,(3) Insufficient coating on ribbon,(4) Ribbon coating too dry,(5) Type font not compatible with the paper, hammer energy, platen, or ribbon (that is, too large), o

38、r both,(6) Contaminants on paper surface (that is, wax, fuser oil, or carbonless paper capsules),(7) Damaged or dirty print element, hammer or printwheel,(8) Poor ribbon cartridge tension control,(9) Obstruction in cartridge, ribbon guides, or card guides disturbing coat on ribbon prior to typing,(10) Ribbon threaded incorrectly,(11) Ribbon is folded over,(12) Ribbon is not moving freely,(13) Ribbon cartridge not properly sealed on ribbon deck,(14) Ribbon flip, and(15) Excessive ribbon tension (for example, coating offset).FIG. 11 Voids or Broken CharactersF 1125 87 (2006)5