ASTM E689-1995(2004)e1 Standard Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron Castings《球墨铁铸件的参考射线照片》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 689 95 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Reference Radiographs forDuctile Iron Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorially changed “defect” to “discontinuity” in paragraph 7.6 in January 2004.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiographs extend the applic

3、ation ofreference radiographs for steel castings to ductile iron castings.1.2 In some instances, reference radiographs for steel cast-ings may not be entirely applicable to ductile cast iron materialdependent upon design or other usage criteria. Refer to 4.1 forguidance.1.3 This standard does not pu

4、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E

5、 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. 51 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in. 114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in.51 mm in ThicknessE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations

6、3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms used in these reference radiographsmay be found in Terminology E 1316, Section D.4. Significance and Use4.1 These reference radiographs invoke Reference Radio-graphs E 446, E 186, and E 280 for establishing categories andseverity levels of internal discontinuit

7、ies common to ductileiron castings subject to mutual agreement between purchaserand supplier in contractual specifications. The casting processhas shown radiographic similarities between internal disconti-nuities for ductile cast iron and cast steel to the extent that thereference radiographs for st

8、eel castings are applicable. Theexact application and usage of the above categories andseverity levels must, however, give consideration to the differ-ences in material properties between cast steel and ductile castiron end usage applications.4.2 Production radiographs are to be compared with theapp

9、licable set of reference radiographs for classification on thebasis of section thickness, radiation energy level and type, andcategory and severity level of discontinuity specified.4.3 The standard reference radiographs are published inthree nominal section thickness ranges in separate documentsas f

10、ollows:4.3.1 Castings up to 2 in. 51 mm: Reference RadiographsE 446.4.3.2 Heavy-walled castings 2 to 412 in. 51 to 114 mm:Reference Radiographs E 186.4.3.3 Heavy-walled castings 412 to 12 in. 114 to 305 mm:Reference Radiographs E 280.5. Determination of Radiographic Classification5.1 For purposes of

11、 evaluation of castings, a determinationmust be made of the radiographic classification to be assignedto individual castings or specific areas of castings. The deter-mination of the applicable radiographic-severity classificationshall be based on an evaluation of the casting applications,design, and

12、 service requirements. In these evaluations, consid-eration shall be given to such factors as pressure, temperature,section thickness, applicable design safety factor, vibration,shock, resistance to corrosion, involvement of penetratingradiations or radiation products, and involvement of dangerousga

13、ses or liquids.6. Classification Specifications6.1 The applicable radiographic severity level should bedesignated for each discontinuity type by the contractingagency in formal specifications or drawings and in the specificcontract or order. For castings, the level should be indepen-dently specified

14、 for each discontinuity type, since they havebeen shown to affect strength properties differently. For ex-ample, in the same casting Severity Level 2 might be specifiedfor shrinkage Type 3 and Severity Level 4 for gas porosity1This reference radiograph is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07

15、 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 onReference Radiological Images.Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 689 95 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, v

16、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428

17、-2959, United States.Type 1. The specifications, drawings, contract, or order shouldalso designate the sampling plan for the castings to beradiographed and the extent and quality level of the radio-graphic coverage.7. Procedure for Evaluation7.1 Compare radiographs of the casting submitted for evalu

18、-ation with the reference radiographs applicable to the sectionthickness and the source used.7.2 When a particular class or severity is called for and theradiograph being evaluated is equal to or better than thereference, indicate the casting as radiographically acceptable.If the radiograph shows a

19、discontinuity of greater severity thanthe reference radiograph, the casting shall be rejected.7.3 When two or more types of discontinuities are present inthe same radiograph, the predominating ones, if unacceptable,shall govern without regard to the other types of discontinui-ties.7.4 When two or mo

20、re categories of discontinuity arepresent to an extent equal to the maximum permissible level, asshown in the pertinent standards for each category, then thatpart of the casting shall be judged unacceptable until satisfac-torily repaired.7.5 In general, there is no limit with regard to the extent of

21、acceptable discontinuities in a casting, provided that no areathroughout the casting contains discontinuities that exceedthose indicated on the minimum acceptable area of applicablereference radiographs.7.6 Where the reference image consists of a collection ofdiscontinuities, as in the case of poros

22、ity, for example, accept-ability may be based on the aggregate size of the discontinui-ties present on both the reference radiograph and the objectradiograph, the maximum discontinuity size present, the spac-ing between discontinuities, or a combination of these or othercriteria. These criteria must

23、 be determined based upon theparticular application or part under consideration and must bespecified by agreement between the purchaser and supplier.8. Keywords8.1 casting; discontinuity; radiograph; radiographic severitylevel; reference radiographASTM International takes no position respecting the

24、validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is

25、subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Head

26、quarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This sta

27、ndard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 689 95 (2004)e12