ASTM E456-2013a red 2896 Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics《质量和统计相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E456 13E456 13a An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Quality and Statistics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the general ter

3、minology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality andStatistics.1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative forthat term. Any changes in the term definition in the normative standard will

4、be editorially changed in this standard. Any termsadded to an E11 standard will be editorially added to this standard with an attribution to that standard.1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normativefor any E11 terms.

5、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with Terms in This Standard:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probabilit

6、y SamplingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness TestsE1325 Terminology Rel

7、ating to Design of ExperimentsE1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developing and Applying Test MethodsE1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL and LTPD Sampling PlansE2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQLE2281 P

8、ractice for Process and Measurement Capability IndicesE2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test MethodE2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound For a Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rate ofOccurrence for Non-conformities, Using Attribute Data, When There is a Zer

9、o Response in the SampleE2489 Practice for Statistical Analysis of One-Sample and Two-Sample Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing ProgramsE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncertainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using Control Chart TechniquesE2555 Practice for Factors and Procedur

10、es for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability InspectionE2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic StatisticsE2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in Statistical Process ControlE2655 Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results and Use of the Term Measurement Uncertainty in

11、 ASTM Test MethodsE2696 Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on the Exponential DistributionE2709 Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Comply with an Acceptance ProcedureE2782 Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E1

12、1 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 onEditorial/Terminology.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2013Nov. 15, 2013. Published September 2013December 2013. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in20122013 as E456 12E456 13.1. DOI: 10.

13、1520/E0456-13.10.1520/E0456-13A.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an AST

14、M standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In al

15、l cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E2819 Practice for Single- and Multi-Level Continuous Sampling of a Stream

16、of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 3534 Statistics-Vocabulary and SymbolsPart 2 Applied Statistics3. Terminologyacceptance quality limit (AQL), nquality limit that is the worst tolerable process average when a continuing series of lots issubmitted for acceptance sampling. E

17、2234accepted reference value, na value that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derived as: (1) atheoretical or established value, based on scientific principles, (2) an assigned or certified value, based on experimental workof some national or international organization,

18、 or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborative experimental workunder the auspices of a scientific or engineering group. E177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test result and an accepted reference value. E177aliases, nin a fractional factorial design, two or more effect

19、s which are estimated by the same contrast and which, therefore,cannot be estimated separately. E1325area sampling, nprobability sampling in which a map, rather than a tabulation of sampling units, serves as the sampling frame.E1402assignable cause, nfactor that contributes to variation in a process

20、 or product output that is feasible to detect and identify (seespecial cause). E2587attributes data, nobserved values or test results that indicate the presence or absence of specific characteristics or counts ofoccurrences of events in time or space. E2587attributes, method of, nmeasurement of qual

21、ity by the method of attributes consists of noting the presence (or absence) of somecharacteristic or attribute in each of the units in the group under consideration, and counting how many units do (or do not)possess the quality attribute, or how many such events occur in the unit, group, or area. E

22、2334audit subsample, na small subsample of a sample selected for review of all sample selection and data collection procedures.E141average outgoing quality (AOQ), nthe average percent defective of outgoing product including all accepted lots or batches,after any defective units found in them are rep

23、laced by acceptable units, plus all lots or batches which are not accepted after suchlots or batches have been effectively 100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by acceptable units. E1994average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), nthe maximum of the AOQs for all possible incoming percentages

24、defective for theprocess, for a given acceptance sampling plan. E1994average quality protection, na type of protection in which there is prescribed some chosen value of average percent defectivein the product after inspection (average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the

25、long run no matter whatmay be the level of percent defective in the product submitted to the inspector. E1994average run length (ARL), nthe average number of times that a process will have been sampled and evaluated before a shiftin process level is signaled. E2587average standard deviation, s, nari

26、thmetic average of sample standard deviations. E2281balanced incomplete block design (BIB), nan incomplete block design in which each block contains the same number k ofdifferent versions from the t versions of a single principal factor arranged so that every pair of versions occurs together in thes

27、ame number, , of blocks from the b blocks. E1325bias, nthe difference between the expectation of the test results and an accepted reference value. E177bulk sampling, nsampling to prepare a portion of a mass of material that is representative of the whole. E1402c chart, ncontrol chart that monitors t

28、he count of occurrences of an event in a defined increment of time or space. E2587calibration, nprocess of establishing a relationship between a measurement device and a known standard value(s). E2782center line, nline on a control chart depicting the average level of the statistic being monitored.

29、E2587chance cause, nsource of inherent random variation in a process which is predictable within statistical limits (see commoncause). E2587E456 13a2characteristic, na property of items in a sample or population which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed, helps todistinguish between the ite

30、ms. E2282check sample, nsee control sample. E2554classification of defects, nthe enumeration of possible defects of the unit of product arranged according to their seriousness, thatis, critical, major, or minor defect. E2234cluster sampling, nsampling in which the sampling unit consists of a group o

31、f subunits, all of which are measured for sampledclusters. E1402coefficient or variation (CV), nfor a nonnegative characteristic, the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean for a populationor sample. E2586collaborative study, ninterlaboratory study in which each laboratory uses the defined meth

32、od of analysis to analyze identicalportions of homogeneous materials to assess the performance characteristics obtained for that method of analysis. E2489collaborative trial, nsee collaborative study. E2489common cause, nsee chance cause. E2587component of variance, na part of a total variance ident

33、ified with a specified source of variability. E1488completely randomized design, na design in which the treatments are assigned at random to the full set of experimental units.E1325completely randomized factorial design, na factorial experiment (including all replications) run in a completely random

34、izeddesign. E1325composite design, na design developed specifically for fitting second order response surfaces to study curvature, constructed byadding further selected treatments to those obtained from a 2n factorial (or its fraction). E1325confidence bound, nsee confidence limit. E2586confidence c

35、oefficient, nsee confidence level. E2586confidence interval, nan interval estimate L, U with the statistics L and U as limits for the parameter and with confidencelevel 1-, where Pr(L U) 1- . E2586confidence level, nthe value, 1-, of the probability associated with a confidence interval, often expre

36、ssed as a percentage.E2586confidence limit, neach of the limits, L and U, of a confidence interval, or the limit of a one-sided confidence interval. E2586confounded factorial design, na factorial experiment in which only a fraction of the treatment combinations are run in eachblock and where the sel

37、ection of the treatment combinations assigned to each block is arranged so that one or more prescribedeffects is (are) confounded with the block effect(s), while the other effects remain free from confounding. E1325confounding, ncombining indistinguishably the main effect of a factor or a differenti

38、al effect between factors (interactions) withthe effect of other factor(s), block factor(s) or interactions(s). E1325consumers risk, nprobability that a lot having specified rejectable quality level will be accepted under a defined sampling plan.E2555continuous sampling inspection, na method of samp

39、ling a stream of product in order of production where the samplingfrequency is adjusted based on ongoing inspection results. E2819contrast, na linear function of the observations for which the sum of the coefficients is zero. E1325contrast analysis, na technique for estimating the parameters of a mo

40、del and making hypothesis tests on preselected linearcombinations of the treatments (contrasts). E1325control chart, nchart on which are plotted a statistical measure of a subgroup versus time of sampling along with limits basedon the statistical distribution of that measure so as to indicate how mu

41、ch common, or chance, cause variation is inherent in theprocess or product. E2587control chart factor, na tabulated constant, depending on sample size, used to convert specified statistics or parameters into acentral line value or control limit appropriate to the control chart. E2587control limits,

42、nlimits on a control chart that are used as criteria for signaling the need for action or judging whether a set ofdata does or does not indicate a state of statistical control based on a prescribed degree of risk. E2587E456 13a3control sample, nsample taken from a stable, homogeneous material for th

43、e purposes of monitoring the performance of a testmethod in a laboratory. E2554critical defect, na defect that judgment and experience indicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions for individualsusing, maintaining, or depending upon the product, or a defect that judgment and experience in

44、dicate is likely to preventperformance of the function of a major end item. E2234defect, nany nonconformance of the unit of product with specified requirements. E2234degrees of freedom, nthe number of independent data points minus the number of parameters that have to be estimated beforecalculating

45、the variance. E2586dependent variable, nsee response variable. E1325design of experiments, nthe arrangement in which an experimental program is to be conducted, and the selection of the levels(versions) of one or more factors or factor combinations to be included in the experiment. Synonyms include

46、experiment designand experimental design. E1325double sampling plan, na multiple sampling plan in which up to two samplings can be taken and evaluated to accept or rejecta lot. E2234empirical percentile, nestimate of a population percentile using the sample data. This is a sample value such that a p

47、ercentagep of the sample is less than that value. E2586equal complete coverage result, nthe numerical characteristic of interest calculated from observations made by drawingrandomly from the frame, all of the sampling units covered by the frame. E141error of result, na test result minus the accepted

48、 reference value of the characteristic. E2655estimate, nsample statistic used to approximate a population parameter. E2586evolutionary operation (EVOP), na sequential form of experimentation conducted in production facilities during regularproduction. E1325EWMA chart, ncontrol chart that monitors th

49、e exponentially weighted moving averages of consecutive subgroups. E2587expanded uncertainty, U, nuncertainty reported as a multiple of the standard uncertainty. E2655experimental design, nsee design of experiments. E1325experimental unit, na portion of the experiment space to which a treatment is applied or assigned in the experiment. E1325experiment space, nthe materials, equipment, environmental conditions and so forth that are available for conducting anexperiment. E1325exponentially weighte