ASTM E2205-2002 Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protection of Ecological Resources《生态资源保护用冒险矫正作用的标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: E 2205 02Standard Guide forRisk-Based Corrective Action for Protection of EcologicalResources1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2205; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide for risk-based corrective action for the protection of ecological resources (Eco-RBCA)provides a flexible fram
3、ework for a tiered approach to ecological risk assessment (ERA) and riskmanagement decision-making at chemical release sites. The framework of the Eco-RBCA guideparallels the framework in Guide E 2081 with respect to the tiered approach for data gathering,evaluation and decision-making, and should,
4、when possible, be conducted concurrent with the broaderRBCA process activities. The Eco-RBCA guide directs the user to Guide E 2081 for development andimplementation of a corrective action program. This guide supplements Guide E 2081 and wasdeveloped after careful consideration of the peer-reviewed
5、published literature and existing federal,regional, and state ecological riskassessment guidance. The user of this guide, as defined in 3.1.44,needs to be familiar with Guide E 2081 and the overall RBCA process. The RBCA process providesa flexible, technically defensible framework for corrective act
6、ion that has applicability to a wide rangeof sites and chemicals of concern.ASTM guides are not federal or state regulations; rather, they are consensus standards that can befollowed voluntarily. It is not within the scope of this standard to provide the details of specificregulatory requirements. C
7、ollectively, the Eco-RBCA and RBCA guides provide an integratedframework to corrective action. Eco-RBCA is intended to complement rather than replace thedecision-making structures of regulatory programs. In addition, Eco-RBCA is intended to provide aframework for sites not covered under regulatory p
8、rograms, for sites under regulatory programs thatlack guidance, or for sites under programs with guidance that lack detail. Eco-RBCAmay also providea useful framework to help merge an approach when multiple regulatory programs apply. Even whena site is not currently governed by a regulatory program,
9、 consultation with the appropriate regulatoryagency(ies) will ensure regulatory compliance and provide technical guidance.The Eco-RBCAprocess is intended to accommodate a diversity of sites and conditions by providinga framework that can address site-specific needs. The appendixes provide useful tec
10、hnical details andcase study examples, although the application of this guide does not require their use. Eco-RBCA isa process for evaluating ecological risk and decision making. To facilitate the implementation ofEco-RBCA, the framework is organized into ten steps and three risk assessment tiers th
11、at begin withrelatively simple analyses and progress to more complex assessments as site conditions warrant (seeFig. 1). Although organized into steps and tiers, the user should recognize that Eco-RBCA progressesconceptually in a linear manner, but may not be implemented in a linear manner. The obje
12、ctive shouldbe to conduct the evaluation in the manner that most appropriately meets the needs and goals of theassessment. Each tier includes five types of activities that increase in complexity and level of effortas the evaluation progresses through the RBCAprocess. These activities are (1) plannin
13、g and scoping,(2) data and information acquisition, (3) analysis and evaluation, (4) decision making, and (5)remedial actions. The details of the activities and how they are implemented can vary, depending onthe nature and complexity of the site and the tier level. Early in the Eco-RBCA process, ass
14、umptionsare biased toward being overly protective (that is, “conservative”) because of uncertainties inherent innonsite-specific data. Typically, as the site progresses through the tiered evaluation, more site-specificinformation is collected and uncertainty decreases; therefore, less-conservative a
15、ssumptions can beused in the evaluation. As understanding of site conditions improves, confidence often increases. Theprogression of the evaluation through the tiered process is accompanied by an increasing degree of1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
16、, PA 19428-2959, United States.formalization that could include the documentation of a screening-level assessment or the use offormal ecological risk assessment (ERA) methods. As additional site-specific information isFIG. 1 Eco-RBCA Process FlowchartAdapted from the RBCA Flowchart (Guide E 2081)E22
17、05022developed, the uncertainty associated with site conditions is reduced. Commensurate with this reduceduncertainty, the user can employ more site-specific and less conservative estimates and assumptionsFIG. 2 Tier 1 Evaluation FlowchartE22050231This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ
18、ee E50 on Environmental Assessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.04 on PerformanceStandards Related to Environmental Regulatory Programs.Current edition approved May 10, 2002. Published October 2002.FIG. 3 Tier 2 Evaluation FlowchartE2205024of exposure and effects. The manner
19、in which uncertainty, conservatism, data quality, and othertechnical aspects are addressed is by technical policy decisions.Technical policy decisions (TPDs) are an important part of the Eco-RBCA process, and while it isnot within the scope of this standard to identify the TPDs appropriate for a spe
20、cific site, Appendix X2and Guide E 2081 provide additional insight into their identification, understanding, and development.FIG. 4 Tier 3 Evaluation FlowchartE2205025Technical policy decisions generally fall into three categories: (1) those that are identified as existingprior to the Eco-RBCAassess
21、ment and will not change (that is, prescribed and without flexibility suchas regulations or policy), (2) those that are identified as existing prior to the Eco-RBCA assessmentbut may change or be modified based on site-specific information (for example, sampling protocols,selection of models or othe
22、r tools, or corrective-action goals), and (3) those that are developedspecifically for the Eco-RBCA assessment (for example, development of a site-specific model).Technical policy decisions are typically identified, negotiated (if appropriate), and documented in theinitial site assessment (see 7.1).
23、 It is the responsibility of the user of the Eco-RBCA guide to identifyand consider the TPDs and appropriate stakeholders for a site. These TPDs may need to be reevaluatedeach time the Eco-RBCA evaluation proceeds through an iteration or progresses to a new tier. Boththe RBCA and Eco-RBCA processes
24、encourage user-led initiatives and appropriate stakeholderinvolvement in identifying TPDs and developing the Eco-RBCA program. Laws and regulations mayrequire coordination with federal, state, and natural resource trustees.This guide serves to complement existing guidance for hazardous-waste sites a
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