ASTM E2150-2017 Standard Classification for Life-Cycle Environmental Work Elements&x2014 Environmental Cost Element Structure《生命周期环境工作元素的标准分类&x2014 环境成本要素结构》.pdf

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1、Designation: E2150 13E2150 17Standard Classification forLife-Cycle Environmental Work ElementsEnvironmentalCost Element Structure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2150; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi

2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard establishes a classification of the comprehensive hierarchical list of elements for li

3、fe-cycle environmentalwork. The classification is based on the Interagency Environmental Cost Element Structure (ECES).2 Elements, as defined here,are major components common to environmental projects.3 The elements represent the life-cycle activities for environmentalprojects regardless of the proj

4、ect design specification, construction method, technology type, or materials used. The classificationserves as a consistent reference for cost estimating, analysis, and monitoring during the various phases of the project life cycle.Using ECES ensures consistency, over time and from project to projec

5、t, in the cost management and performance measurementof environmental projects. It also enhances reporting at all phases of a project, from assessment and studies through design,construction, operations and maintenance (O communicatingproject data between installations or agencies and industry; cost

6、 and schedule estimating; historical cost and schedule datacollection; historical project data collection for technology deployments and project conditions; validating and calibrating costestimates and software tools; and establishing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned.4.6 The hier

7、archical nature of the classification allows for collecting data using more detailed lower level elements or forsummarizing data at higher levels.FIG. 1 Level 1 Life-Cycle PhasesE2150 1734.7 ECES, as described in this classification, is being included in the RemedialAction Cost Estimating Requiremen

8、t (RACER)6system and the Environmental Cost Analysis System (ECAS).7 RACER is used for estimating cost and ECAS is used to collect,maintain, and analyze the cost of completed projects. Federal agencies performing environmental work intend to incorporate theECES.5. Basis of Classification5.1 In envir

9、onmental management work, the life cycle of the project is represented by six different regulatory phases. Withminor variations in the definitions, these life-cycle phases apply to most or all environmental projects including environmentalrestoration, waste management, decontamination and decommissi

10、oning, ordnance and explosive retrievals, underground storagetanks (USTs), and aboveground storage tanks (ASTs). In addition to the six regulatory life-cycle phases, a Cross Cut cost categorywas added to address costs not attributable to a particular phase or to a specific project. Fig. 1 shows the

11、life-cycle nature ofenvironmental phases.As can be seen from Fig. 1, the phases may not be linear and their sequencing may be iterative since resultsfrom one phase may require the execution of earlier phases again, to meet the regulatory requirement. Additional information oneach of the six Level 1

12、phases is provided in Fig. X1.1 of Appendix X1. The six regulatory life-cycle phases are Phase 1(Assessment), Phase 2 (Studies), Phase 3 (Design), Phase 4 (Construction), Phase 5 (Operations and Maintenance), and Phase 6(Surveillance and Long-Term Monitoring). Cross Cut covers all phases of the life

13、cycle. Because the combined life-cycle phasesof environmental projects shown in Fig. 1 often span several decades, use life-cycle cost analysis (see Practice E917) for evaluatingan environmental project or project alternatives over a designated study period. Use of life-cycle cost analysis is requir

14、ed for thecomparison of alternative environmental remedies in CERCLA Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Studies which lead up toRecords of Decision.5.2 Whereas Level 1 depicts the life-cycle phases or timeframe of environmental work, Level 2 of the classification representsthe major work elements th

15、at need to be performed in an environmental project. There are thirty-four major work elementsincluded in Level 2 of the classification. In addition, there is an “Other,” element available for those unique or special tasks thatcannot be described closely by available elements. “Other” elements are d

16、esignated by .9x numbering system. For the purposesof this standard, only two levels are discussed, but more detailed levels are available. Fig. 2 illustrates a sample Level 2 for theConstruction phase. Fig. 3 represents a matrix of the Level 1 elements and how they apply to each of the Level 2 cate

17、gories.Phases 16 are listed by their phase number. The cross cut category is listed as “X.”6 RACER is a parametric cost estimating tool for environmental projects.7 ECAS was developed by U.S. Department of Energy and is being used to capture the costs of completed environmental projects. Please cont

18、act Allen Moe at5132460230 or Kevin Barry at 5132461371 for further information.FIG. 2 Hierarchical Organization of ECES Classification StandardE2150 174FIG. 3 Level 1 and Level 2 Classification MatrixE2150 1755.3 As seen from Fig. 3, the columns on the left-hand side have been reserved for Level 1

19、life-cycle phases. The numbers inthese columns provide a general guidance on the applicability of that phase to the Level 2 major work elements that are shownin the two columns under the Major Work Elements heading. For example, the Level 2 element, Preparation of Plans, is markedwith numbers 1, 2,

20、3, 4, 5, and 6 in the left-hand columns. This means that this element can be applied or conducted duringPhases 16. If any of the numbered rows under the column entitled Cross Cut is marked with letter “X,” then that element iscross-cutting and the costs apply to more than one phase. The numbers are

21、not necessarily all inclusive or definitive. There maybe cases where an element may be applicable to a phase that is not marked or may be marked and not applicable for that specificproject. This structure is flexible, and the user can use other phases even though they are not marked in the columns.5

22、.4 Positioned between the Cross Cut column and Level 2 is the Sub-Project Identifier that uses the alphabetical designationsfrom a to z. The purpose of the Sub-Project Identifier is to allow users to differentiate between similar tasks that have the samedesignation number. For example, there may be

23、two different Disposal Facility/Process, 4.13 (Level 1Phase 4 and Level 2element .13) to be constructed. To distinguish the first facility from the second, the letters “a” and “b” (that is, “4.a .13” and“4.b .13”) could be used to designate the first and second facility respectively. The use of the

24、Sub-Project Identifier is not typicalin many environmental projects, but it is included to provide flexibility to the structure.6. Description of Environmental Cost Elements6.1 The following describes the Level 1 phases. These descriptions outline what elements are generally included and, asappropri

25、ate, provide guidelines on what is not included. Generic definitions of the phases are included as are more specificapplication of the life-cycle phases to various types of environmental projects. Additional information on each of the six Level 1phases is provided in Fig. X1.1 of Appendix X1.6.1.1 B

26、elow is a generic definition of Level 1 phases.6.1.1.1 Phase 1: AssessmentAssess and inspect site and prepare site inspection reports.6.1.1.2 Phase 2: StudiesRisk assessment, characterization and investigations, development and analysis of treatment orremediation options, and treatability studies.6.

27、1.1.3 Phase 3: DesignEngineering design and pre-construction activities of treatment or remediation alternatives.6.1.1.4 Phase 4: ConstructionConstruction of selected treatment or remediation alternatives. Includes start-up, but excludesoperations.6.1.1.5 Phase 5: Operations and MaintenanceIncludes

28、all operations and maintenance, after startup and testing, for theselected treatment or remediation alternatives. Examples of O therefore, it is not part of a treatment trainand does not require hazardous material handling or transportation.6.2.22 (.22) Ex Situ Biological Treatment:6.2.22.1 Phase 4T

29、his element includes the procurement of treatment equipment (the equipment can be acquired for oneproject or can be used on multiple projects or subprojects and can be either portable or stationary), and installation of biologicaltreatment systems. Biological treatment is the microbial transformatio

30、n of organic compounds. Biological treatment processes canalter inorganic compounds such as ammonia and nitrate, and can change the oxidation state of certain metal compounds. Examplesof ex situ biological treatments include activated sludge, composting, trickling filters, anaerobic digestion, and a

31、erobic digestion.6.2.22.2 Phase 5This element includes the O therefore, it is not part of a treatment trainand does not require hazardous material handling or transportation.6.2.24 (.24) Ex Situ Chemical Treatment:6.2.24.1 Phase 4This element includes the procurement of treatment equipment (the equi

32、pment can be acquired for oneproject or can be used on multiple projects or subprojects and can be either portable or stationary), and installation of chemicaltreatment systems. Chemical treatment is the process in which hazardous wastes are chemically changed to remove toxicE2150 1710contaminants f

33、rom the environment. The types of ex situ treatments include oxidation/reduction, solvent extraction, chlorination,ozonation, ion exchange, neutralization, hydrolysis, photolysis, dechlorination, electrolysis reactions, and other technologies.6.2.24.2 Phase 5This element includes the O therefore, it

34、 is not part of a treatment train and does not requirehazardous material handling or transportation.6.2.25.3 Phase 6With some in situ physical treatment methods such as coating, this element includes the regular applicationof paints, adhesive substances, or bonding substances on structures or equipm

35、ent to contain the contaminants or to reduce exposureto contaminants as part of the operation and maintenance or long-term monitoring activity.6.2.26 (.26) Ex Situ Physical Treatment:6.2.26.1 Phase 4This element includes the procurement of treatment equipment (the equipment can be acquired for onepr

36、oject or can be used on multiple projects or subprojects and can be either portable or stationary), and installation of physicaltreatment systems. Physical treatment is the physical separation of contaminants from solid, liquid, or gaseous waste streams.Physical treatments generally do not result in

37、 total destruction or separation of the contaminants in the waste stream, consequentlypost-treatment is often required. Ex situ physical treatments include filtration, sedimentation, flocculation, precipitation,equalization, evaporation, stripping, soil washing, and carbon adsorption. Cost includes

38、process equipment, labor, and materialassociated with the construction or installation of the treatment unit.6.2.26.2 Phase 5This element includes the O therefore, it is not part of a treatment train anddoes not require hazardous material handling or transportation.6.2.28 (.28) Ex Situ Thermal Treat

39、ment:6.2.28.1 Phase 4This element includes the procurement of treatment equipment (the equipment can be acquired for onespecific project or can be used on multiple projects or subprojects and can be either portable or stationary), and installation ofthermal treatment systems. Thermal treatment is th

40、e destruction of wastes through exposure to high temperature in combustionchambers and energy recovery devices. Ex situ thermal treatments include several processes capable of incinerating a wide rangeof liquid and solid wastes such as fluidized bed, rotary kiln, multiple hearth, infrared, circulati

41、ng bed, liquid injection, pyrolysis,plasma torch, wet air oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, molten salt destruction, and solar detoxification.6.2.28.2 Phase 5This element includes the Otherefore, it is not part of a treatment train and does not require hazardous material handling or transpor

42、tation.6.2.30 (.30) Ex Situ Stabilization/Fixation/Encapsulation:6.2.30.1 Phase 4This element includes the procurement of treatment equipment (the equipment can be acquired for oneproject or can be used on multiple projects or subprojects and can be either portable or stationary), and installation o

43、fstabilization/fixation/encapsulation treatment systems. Stabilization/fixation/encapsulation processes attempt to improve thehandling and physical characteristics of the wastes, decrease the surface area, limit the solubility of any pollutants and detoxifycontained pollutants. Ex situ treatments in

44、clude inorganic/asphalt-based encapsulation, sludge stabilization, vitrification, and othertechnologies.6.2.30.2 Phase 5This element includes the O characterization; code of accounts; cost elements; cost estimation; decommissioning; decontamination; ECES;environmental cost structure; environmental m

45、anagement; environmental restoration; HTRW WBS; life-cycle costs; life-cyclephases; operations and maintenance; phases; program management; project management; RCRA; remediation; site investigation;standard classification; surveillance and long-term monitoring; waste management; work breakdown struc

46、tureE2150 1712APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. DESCRIPTION OF LEVEL 1 PHASESX1.1 The matrix below (Fig. X1.1) provides a description of each of the Level 1 phase cost elements. It shows who participates,gives an idea of when each phase begins and ends, lists general activities, and breaks dow

47、n typical expenditures.FIG. X1.1 Description of Level 1 PhasesE2150 1713FIG. X1.1 Description of Level 1 Phases (continued)E2150 1714X2. DESCRIPTION OF ADJUNCTX2.1 ASTM Standard E2150, Standard Classification for Life-Cycle Environmental Work ElementsEnvironmental CostElement Structure, establishes

48、the first two levels of the cost structure. In many cases, users may require more details ofenvironmental costs than are contained in the Standard. This Adjunct provides more detailed elements and definitions of theEnvironmental Cost Element Structure (ECES) at Levels 3, 4, and 5 that are needed to

49、support the Standard.X2.2 The Adjunct includes a table with all five levels of the ECES structure. The descriptions, however, focus on the detailedelements of work established at Levels 3, 4, and 5. The descriptions indicate what items are included, and as appropriate, notincluded for the element and refer to those elements that are more applicable when performing environmental management work.Each detailed element also includes the phase number, a list of subordinate elements, supplemental notes as required, and unitsof measure (UOM). For those pro