ASTM E2142-2001 Standard Test Methods for Rating and Classifying Inclusions in Steel Using the Scanning Electron Microscope《利用扫描电子显微镜测定钢中杂质的额定值和分级的标准试验方法》.pdf
《ASTM E2142-2001 Standard Test Methods for Rating and Classifying Inclusions in Steel Using the Scanning Electron Microscope《利用扫描电子显微镜测定钢中杂质的额定值和分级的标准试验方法》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM E2142-2001 Standard Test Methods for Rating and Classifying Inclusions in Steel Using the Scanning Electron Microscope《利用扫描电子显微镜测定钢中杂质的额定值和分级的标准试验方法》.pdf(16页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: E 2142 01Standard Test Methods forRating and Classifying Inclusions in Steel Using theScanning Electron Microscope1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2142; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures to obtain particlesize distribution, chemical classification, and
3、 E 45 ratings ofinclusions in steels using an automated scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) with X-ray analysis and automatic imageanalysis capabilities.1.2 There are three discrete methods described. Method 1 isthe SEM analog of E 1122, which uses image analysis and lightmicroscopy to produce automat
4、ed E 45 ratings. Method 2produces similar ratings based predominantly on sorting inclu-sions by chemistry into the traditional classes defined in E 45.Method 3 is recommended when explicit detail is needed onparticular inclusion types, not necessarily defined in E 45, suchas to verify the compositio
5、n of inclusions in inclusion-engineered steel. Method 3 reports stereological parameterssuch as volume or number fraction, rather than E 45 typeratings.1.3 This test method deals only with the recommended testmethods and nothing in it should be construed as defining orestablishing limits of acceptab
6、ility for any grade of steel orother alloy where the method is appropriate.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are ap-proximate, and for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
7、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E3 Practice for Preparation of Metallographi
8、c Specimens2E 7 Terminology Relating to Metallography2E45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Contentof Steel2E 766 Practice for Calibrating the Magnification of a Scan-ning Electron Microscope2E 768 Practice for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens forAutomated Inclusion Analysis of Steel2E 11
9、22 Practice for Obtaining Inclusion Ratings UsingAutomatic Image Analysis2E 1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic ImageAnalysis2E 1508 Guide for Quantitative Analysis by Energy Disper-sive Analysis22.2 Adjuncts:ANSI/IEEE STD 759 IEEE S
10、tandard Test Procedure forSemiconductor X-Ray Energy Spectrometers33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, see Terminology E 7.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Analysis Rules3.2.1.1 acquisition analysis rulesinclude the criteria totermin
11、ate X-ray collection (counts or time, or both), the list ofelements to be analyzed, the number of fields or particles to beanalyzed, morphologies of particles from which spectra will becollected, etc. (see Appendix X1 for a more complete listing oftypical Acquisition Rules).3.2.1.2 post-acquisition
12、analysis rulesdefine ratios ofX-ray intensities or elemental compositions required to identifyan inclusion as belonging to a particular chemical classificationand, for Methods 1 and 2 herein, define the main inclusionclass (A, B, or C) to which each chemical classificationbelongs.3.2.2 chemical clas
13、sificationdefined compositional cat-egories in which inclusions are placed according to the analysisrules. Categories may be broad (e.g., sulfide, aluminate,silicate) or more precise (e.g., calcium sulfide, calcium silicate,anorthite, etc.).1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
14、ittee E04 onMetallography and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.11 on X-Rayand Electron Metallogrpahy jointly with E04.09 on Steel Inclusions.Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published June 2001.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.3This standard is available from The In
15、stitute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.3 critical aspect ratiothe aspect ratio of a singleinclusion that defines the boundary
16、 between “globular” and“elongated”.3.2.4 discontinuous stringertwo or more Type C or threeor more Type B inclusions aligned in a plane parallel to the hotworking axis and offset from the stringer centerline by no morethan 15 m (.0006 in), with a separation of 4 12 12B $2 9 9 15 15C $2 5 5 12 12D $2
17、8 8 13 13TABLE 2 Minimum Values for Inclusion Severity Rating Levelsfor Measurements in Micrometers (For expression in other units,see E 1122,Table2)Test Method E45Rating Limits (m at 13 or count)Severity A B C D0.5 37.0 17.2 17.8 11.0 127.0 76.8 75.6 21.5 261.0 184.2 176.0 42.0 436.1 342.7 320.5 92
18、.5 649.0 554.7 510.3 163.0 898.0 822.2 746.1 253.5 1181.0 1147.0 1029.0 364.0 1498.0 1530.0 1359.0 494.5 1898.0 1973.0 1737.0 815.0 2230.0 2476.0 2163.0 100E2142014features. Polishing must not alter the true appearance of theinclusions by excessive relief, pitting, and pull-out. Use ofautomatic grin
19、ding and polishing devices is recommended.9.3 Inclusion retention is generally easier to accomplish inspecimens that are hardened rather than in annealed condition.If inclusion retention is inadequate in annealed specimens, theyshould be subjected to a standard heat treatment cycle using arelatively
20、 low tempering temperature. After heat treatment, thespecimen must be descaled and the longitudinal plane must bereground below any decarburization. This recommendationonly applies to heat-treatable steel grades.9.4 Mounting of specimens is not required if unmountedspecimens can be properly polished
21、.9.5 Polishing practice should follow Practice E 768.10. Calibration and Standardization10.1 The SEM magnification should be calibrated accordingto E 766. It is important to calibrate the magnification of theSEM to obtain accurate E 45 ratings and to ensure that analysistime is minimized. The number
22、 of particles of a given sizeincreases strongly as size decreases; if particles below thedesired low size limit are included due to magnification error,the number of spectra collected, and therefore the total analysistime, will increase significantly.10.2 The EDX energy calibration should be done ac
23、cordingto section 8.1 of E 1508.10.3 The EDX energy resolution should be checked peri-odically. The energy resolution, defined as the Full Width atHalf Maximum (FWHM) height of the Mn Ka X-ray line, afterbackground has been subtracted, should be measured accord-ing to the practice suggested by the m
24、anufacturer, provided thatit is in accordance with the IEEE methodology.11. Procedure11.1 Prepare specimens following the standard protocol setforth in Practice E 768.At this time, a small piece of aluminumtape or other reference material may be placed on the edge ofthe sample. The tape may later be
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