ASTM E1732-2018 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science.pdf

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1、Designation: E1732 17E1732 18Standard TerminologyRelating to Forensic Science1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth

2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that aregenerally understood or de

3、fined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, andthe year of last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anot

4、her standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with theabbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineering.21.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified

5、with an abbreviation.31.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Te

6、chnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment (Withdrawn 2006)5E1301 Guide for Profi

7、ciency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparisons (Withdrawn 2012)5E1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in Thermal Analysis and Rheology2.2 ISO Standards:6ISO 3534:1993 (E/F) StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsPart 1: Probability and General Statistical TermsP

8、art 2: Statistical Quality ControlISO 35341:2006 StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsPart 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in ProbabilityISO 9000:2005 (E) Standard Quality Management SystemsFundamentals and VocabularyISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relating to Standardizing Ac

9、tivitiesISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connection with Reference MaterialsISO Guide 35 Reference MaterialsGeneral and Statistical Principles for CertificationISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)2.3 Other Sources:EURACHEM The Fitness for Purpose of Analytica

10、l Methods, EURACHEM Working Group, English Edition1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017May 15, 2018. Published September 2017May 2018. Origi

11、nally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20122017 asE1732 12.E1732 17. DOI: 10.1520/E1732-17.10.1520/E1732-18.2 Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM Subcommittee E30.92.3 Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioned documents, ENGR = en

12、gineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = pathology biology, ANTH = anthro-pology, and ODEN = odentology.4 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Docume

13、nt Summary page on the ASTM website.5 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.6 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,Switzerland, http:/w

14、ww.iso.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consul

15、t prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1IAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Relat

16、ed to Chemical and Instrumental Analysis of Fire Debris, IAAI Forensic ScienceCommittee7IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Second Edition, 19973. Significance and Use3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of

17、definitions were usedin the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technicaldictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions.8 The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of thesources in the hierarchy were f

18、ound wanting.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:accelerant, nany material used to initiate or promote the spread of a fire. The most common accelerants are flammable orcombustible liquids. Whether a substance is an accelerant depends not on its chemical structure but on its use. IAAI Glossaryaccuracy, nt

19、he closeness of agreement between a test result and the accepted reference value. E177DISCUSSION(1) In practice, the accepted reference value is substituted for the true value.(2) The term “accuracy,“ when applied to a set of test or measurement results, involves a combination of random components a

20、nd a commonsystematic error or bias component.(3) Accuracy refers to a combination of trueness and precision. ISO 3534:1993(E/F)associative evidence, nthat evidence which tends to link a person, place, or thing with another person, place, or thing.calibration, nthe set of operations that establishes

21、, under specified conditions, the relationship between values indicated by ameasuring instrument or measuring system or values represented by a material, and the corresponding known values ofmeasurement.DISCUSSIONThis definition was originally defined in Terminology E1187, a standard discontinued by

22、 ASTM.chain of custody, nprocedures and documents that account for the possession of a sample by tracking its handling and storagefrom its point of collection to its final disposition.class, na group, set or kind marked by common attributes or a common attribute. Websters Unabridged Dictionary9class

23、 characteristic(s), nthe attribute(s) that establish membership in a class.classification, nthe systematic arrangement of persons or objects into categories (groups or classes) based on shared traits orcharacteristics. Osterburg and Ward,10 p. 835comparison sample, nfire debris, (1) a sample of mate

24、rial collected from a fire scene which is, to the best of the investigatorsknowledge, identical in every respect to a sample suspected of containing ignitable substance, but which does not containignitable substance; (2) a sample of suspected ignitable substance submitted for the purpose of comparin

25、g with any ignitablesubstance separated from a debris sample.control sample, nmaterial of established origin that is used to evaluate the performance of a test or comparison.DISCUSSIONA control sample should not be confused with a comparison sample. For example, in fire debris, a control sample migh

26、t include an empty can fromthe same lot as that used to collect samples.criminalistics, na brance of forensic science concerned with the examination and interpretation of physical evidence, for thepurpose of aiding forensic investigation.7 Available from the International Association of Arson Invest

27、igators, Inc. (IAAI), 2111 Baldwin Avenue, Suite 203, Crofton, MD 21114, https:/.8 ASTM Committee on Terminology, Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1990.9 Websters Unabridged Dictionary, 1967, s.v. “class.”10 Osterburg J.W., and Ward, R.H., Criminal Investiga

28、tion: A Method for Reconstructing the Past, Anderson Pub. Co.: Cincinnati, OH: 1992.E1732 182exemplar, na specimen of physical evidence of known origin. Osterburg and Ward,10 p. 837expanded uncertainty (U), nquantity defining an interval about a result of a measurement that may be expected to encomp

29、assa large fraction of the distribution of values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand.DISCUSSION(1) The fraction may be regarded as the coverage probability or level of confidence of the interval.(2) To associate a specific level of confidence with the interval defined by the expand

30、ed uncertainty requires explicit or implicit assumptionsregarding the probability distribution characterized by the measurement result and its combined standard uncertainty. The level of confidence that maybe attributed to this interval can be known only to the extent to which such assumptions can b

31、e justified.(3) An expanded uncertainty U is calculated from a combined standard uncertainty uc and coverage factor k using:U5k3ucISO GUM, EURACHEMfalse positive, na test result that states that a drug is present when, in fact, such a drug is not present in an amount greater thana threshold or desig

32、nated cut-off concentration.known, nof established origin associated with the matter under investigation.limit of detection, nthe lowest content that can be measured with reasonable statistical certainty.EURACHEMpopulation, nthe totality of items or units of material under consideration.DISCUSSIONTh

33、e word “items” may be interpreted in the sense of measurements, or possible measurements, of a single characteristic, or occasionally for multiplecharacteristics, on all items or units of material being considered. The word “totality” may refer to items not available for inclusion in samples as well

34、as those which are available. E456procedure, nspecified way to carry out an activity or a process.DISCUSSION(1) Procedures can be documented or not.(2) When a procedure is documented, the term “written procedure” or “documented procedure” is frequently used. The document that contains aprocedure can

35、 be called a “procedure document.” ISO 9000:2005(E)proficiency testing, nlaboratory, determination of laboratory testing performance by means of interlaboratory test comparisons.E1301qualitative analysis, nchemical, analysis in which substances are identified or classified on the basis of their chem

36、ical orphysical properties, such as chemical reactivity, solubility, molecular weight, melting point, radiative properties (emission,absorption), mass spectra, nuclear half-life, etc. (See also quantitative analysis.)IUPAC Terminologyquality assurance, nall the planned and systematic activities impl

37、emented within the quality system, and demonstrated asneeded, to provide adequate confidence that an entity will fulfill requirements for quality. ISO Guide 2quantitation limit, nthe minimum amount that can be quantitated with acceptable accuracy and precision. E2161quantitative analysis, nchemical,

38、 analyses in which the amount or concentration of an analyte may be determined (estimated)and expressed as a numerical value in appropriate units. Qualitative analysis may take place without quantitative analysis, butquantitative analysis requires the identification (qualification) of the analytes f

39、or which numerical estimates are given. IUPACTerminologyquestioned, nassociated with the matter under investigation about which there is some question, including, but not limited to,whether the questioned and known items have a common origin.recovery, nchemical, term used in analytical and preparati

40、ve chemistry to denote the fraction of the total quantity of a substancerecoverable following a chemical procedure. IUPAC Terminologyreference material, na material or substance, one or more of whose property values are sufficiently homogenous and wellestablished to be used for the calibration of an

41、 apparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or for assigning values tomaterials. E1301E1732 183repeatability, nprecision under repeatability conditions. E177, E456repeatability conditions, nconditions where independent test results are obtained with the same method on identical test itemsin

42、the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within short intervals of time.E177, E456reproducibility, nprecision under reproducibility conditions. E177, E456reproducibility conditions, nconditions where test results are obtained with the same method on identical test items in d

43、ifferentlaboratories with different operators using different equipment. E177, E456samplea group of items, test results or portions of material, taken from a large collection of items, test results or portions ofmaterial, which serves to provide information that may be used as a basis for making a d

44、ecision concerning the largercollection.subset of a population made up of one or more sampling units. E456ISO 35341:2006samplepopulationone or more sampling units taken from a population and intended to provide information on thepopulation.totality of items under consideration. ISO 35341:2006DISCUSS

45、IONNote that a population may be real and finite, real and infinite, or completely hypothetical. ISO 3534:1993sampling unitone of the individual parts into which a population is divided. ISO 35341:2006sampling, n(the) process of drawing or constituting a sample. E1402, ISO 3534:1993selectivity, n(1)

46、 (qualitative): the extent to which other substances interfere with the determination of a substance according toa given procedure; (2) (quantitative): a term used in conjunction with another substantive (for example, constant, coefficient,index, factor, number) for the quantitative characterization

47、 of interferences. EURACHEM,IUPAC Terminologystandard, nmaterial of established origin with certified properties.test, ndetermination of one or more characteristics according to a procedure. ISO 9000:2005(E)test method, na definitive procedure that produces a test result. E456traceabilityproperty of

48、 a result of a measurement or value of a standard whereby it can be related with a stated uncertainty, tostated references, usually national or international standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons.ISO Guide 30:1992(E/F)DISCUSSION(1) The concept is often expressed by the adjective traceab

49、le.(2) The unbroken chain of comparisons is called a traceability chain.(3) (Applicable only to the French text.)(4) Traceability of values in the certification of reference materials for chemical composition is discussed in IS0 Guide 35:1989 (subclause 9.3.1)where attention is drawn to the special problems associated with chemical analysis. Traceability of the chemical species is frequently of equal or greaterimportance than the traceability of the calibration of the instruments used in the analys