ASTM E1320-2005 Standard Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings《钛铸件用基准X射线照片》.pdf
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1、Designation: E 1320 05Standard Reference Radiographs forTitanium Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1320; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to thisstandard are rep
3、roductions of original radiographs and aresupplied as a means for establishing some of the categories andseverity levels of discontinuities in titanium castings that maybe revealed by radiographic examination. Use of this standardfor the specification or grading of castings requires procure-ment of
4、the adjunct reference radiographs which illustrate thediscontinuity types and severity levels. They should be used inaccordance with contractual specifications.NOTE 1The original radiographs produced for Volume I were takenwith X-rays in the range of 110 KV to 220 KV. The original radiographsproduce
5、d for Volume II were taken with X-rays in the range of 200 K to340 KV.1.2 These reference radiographs consist of two volumes.Volume I, described in Table 1, is applicable to a wall thicknessof up to 1 in. 0 to 25.4 mm. Volume II, described in Table 2,is applicable to a wall thickness of over 1 in. t
6、o 2 in. 25.4 mmto 50.8 mm. The standard may be used, where there is no otherapplicable standard, for other thicknesses for which agreementhas been reached between purchaser and manufacturer.1.3 The plates produced to serve for use in this standardwere purposely cast to exhibit the desired discontinu
7、ity. Theplates were cast using different processes as shown in Table 1and Table 2. Hot isostatic pressing was not used on any of theplates.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in brackets are for informa-tional purposes only.1.5 This standard
8、does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
9、tandards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs for the Inspection of Titanium Cast-ingsVolume I, applicable up to 1 in. 25.4 mm3,4Volume II, applicable over 1 in. to 2 in. 25.4 mm to 50.8mm4,53. Terminology3.1
10、 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this stan-dard, see Terminology E 1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 These reference radiographs are designed so that accep-tance standards, which may be developed for particular re-quirements, can be specified in terms of these radiographs. Theradiographs a
11、re of castings that were produced under condi-tions designed to produce the discontinuities. The referenceradiographs are intended to be used for casting thicknessranges in accordance with Table 1 and Table 2.5. Description of Discontinuities5.1 This section is provided to aid in the identification
12、andclassification of discontinuities. It briefly describes the radio-graphic appearance of those discontinuities in the referenceradiograph adjuncts and indicates their probable cause intitanium. The radiographic appearance of different discontinui-ties can at times be very similar. Therefore, care
13、should always1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 onReference Radiographs.Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition a
14、pproved in 2000 as E 1320 - 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM Internati
15、onal Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-graph No. RRE132001.4Volumes I and II are available from ASTM International Headquarters as a set.Order Reference Radiographs RRE1320CS.5Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-graph No. RRE132002.1Copyright ASTM International, 1
16、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.be taken during the process of identification. In extreme casesother methods of identification, either nondestructive or de-structive, may need to be employed to obtain positive identi-fication.5.1.1 GasGas in its var
17、ious forms is usually caused by thereaction of molten titanium with the mold or residual materialleft in the mold. Gas tends to migrate to the upper portions ofthe casting. The formation of clustered or scattered gas holesresults from the generation of larger amounts of gas than asingle gas hole. Wh
18、ether the larger amount of gas spreads outor is confined to a small area is dependent upon a number offactors including casting process, reaction area, solidificationrate, wall thickness, and geometry.5.1.1.1 Gas holeA spherical void formed through therelease and subsequent entrapment of gas during
19、solidification.A gas hole will appear as a dark round spot on the radiograph.5.1.1.2 Clustered gas holesAclosely nested group of darkround voids concentrated within a self-defined boundary area.5.1.1.3 Scattered gas holesMultiple voids appearing asdark round spots on the radiograph. They are randoml
20、y spreadthroughout a part or area of a part to a lesser concentration thanclustered gas holes but with the potential to degrade the castingthrough their interaction which precludes their evaluation on anindividual basis.5.1.2 ShrinkageWhile at times the appearance of shrink-age in titanium may be ra
21、diographically similar to shrinkage insteel, the faster solidification rate of titanium has a dramaticeffect on the conditions under which each shrinkage type willoccur in titanium. Other factors which influence the formationof shrinkage are wall thickness and thickness transition gradi-ents, gate s
22、ize and orientation, mold design, casting configu-ration, metal/mold temperature, and pouring rate and method.All the types of shrinkage described in 5.1.2.1 through 5.1.2.3have a degree of overlap. However, each is most likely to occurunder a specific set of conditions primarily influenced by metal
23、feed, section thickness and cooling rate.5.1.2.1 Scattered shrinkageAppears on a radiograph asdark fine lacy or filamentary voids of varying densities. Thesevoids are usually uniformly spread throughout the area of thecasting where shrinkage is occurring and are relatively shallow.Scattered shrinkag
24、e cavities are most common in wall thick-nesses ranging from18 in. to34 in. 3.175 mm to 19.05 mmbeing more prevalent in the thinner sections of the range.Scattered shrinkage cavities are caused by varying coolingrates in the same area of a casting that can result fromdifferences in wall thickness or
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