ASTM E1142-2011b Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties《与热力学特性相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1142 11bStandard TerminologyRelating to Thermophysical Properties1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1142; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren

2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions commonly used in the study of thermophysicalproperties. Terms that are generally understoo

3、d or definedadequately in other readily available sources are either notincluded or their sources identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every fiveyears, and the year of the last review or revision is appended.1.3 Defini

4、tions identical to those published by anotherstandards organization orASTM Committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM Committee.1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field (such asdynamic mechanical measurements) are

5、identified with anitalicized introductory phrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic MechanicalPropertiesE7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etry3. Terminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:absolute pre

6、ssure, npessure measured relative to zeropressure corresponding to empty space.DISCUSSIONAbsolute pressure is atmospheric pressure plus gagepressure.admittance, Y, nthe reciprocal of impedance.alpha (a) loss peak, nin dynamic mechanical measurement,first peak in the damping curve below the melt, in

7、order ofdecreasing temperature or increasing frequency. E7angular frequency, v, nthe number of radians per secondtraversed by a rotating vector that represents any periodicallyvarying quantity.DISCUSSIONAngular frequency, v, is equal to two p times thefrequency, f.anisotropic, adjhaving different va

8、lues for a property indifferent directions.anti-thixotropy, nan increase of the apparent viscosityunder constant shear stress or shear rate followed by agradual recovery when the stress or shear rate is reduced tozero.arrhenius equation, na mathematical relationship betweenthe specific reaction rate

9、 and the temperature given as:k 5 AeE/RT(1)where:k is the reaction rate constant, A is the frequency factor, E is theenergy of activation, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolutetemperature.barometer, nAn instrument for measuring atmospheric pres-sure.beta (b) loss peak, nin dynamic mechanical

10、measurement,second discrete peak in damping curve below the melt, inorder of decreasing temperature or increasing frequency.D4092boiling pressure, nat a specific temperature, the value of thevapor pressure of the liquid at which it is equal to theexternal pressure.boiling temperature, nat a specific

11、 pressure, the tempera-ture at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to theexternal pressure.capacitance, nthat property of a system of conductors anddielectrics that permits the storage of electrical charge whena potential difference exists between the conductors.DISCUSSIONCapacitance is

12、the ratio of a quantity of electric charge,Q, to a potential difference, V. A capacitance value is always positive.The unit of capacitance is the farad, F, which is equivalent to onecoulomb per volt.Celsius, ndesignation of the degree on the InternationalPractical Temperature Scale; also used for th

13、e name of the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 onThermal Measurements and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.03 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous editio

14、n approved in 2011 as E1142 11a. DOI:10.1520/E1142-11B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyr

15、ight ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.scale, as “Celsius Temperature Scale.” Formerly (prior to1948) called “Centigrade.” The Celsius temperature scale isrelated to the International Kelvin Temperature Scale by theequation: Tc=T

16、273.16 K.Centigrade, nsee Celsius.coeffcient of expansion, nsee coefficient of linear thermalexpansion.coefficient of linear thermal expansion, al, nchange inlength, relative to the length of the specimen, accompanyinga unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature.coefficient of viscosity,

17、 nthe ratio between an infinitesimallysmall increase in stress and the corresponding increase instrain rate.coefficient of volume thermal expansion av, nfor a solid orliquid, the change in volume, relative to the volume of thespecimen, accompanying a change of temperature at aspecified temperature.c

18、olor temperature, ntemperature in degrees Kelvin (K) atwhich a black body must be operated to give a color equal tothat of the source in plex modulus, E*, G*, or K*, nratio of the stress tostrain where each is a factor that may be represented by acomplex number as follows: E*=E8 +iE9,G*=G8 +iG9,and

19、K*=K8 +iK9.where:E* = complex modulus, measured in tension or flexure,E8 = storage modulus, measured in tension or flexure,E9 = loss modulus, measured in tension or flexure,G* = complex modulus, measured in shear,G8 = storage modulus, measured in shear,G9 = loss modulus, measured in shear,K* = compl

20、ex modulus, measured in compression,K8 = storage modulus, measured in compressionK9 = loss modulus, measured in compression, andi=1 , measured in compression.The complex modulus may be measured in tension orflexure, (E*), compression, (K*), or in shear, (G*). D4092complex shear compliance, J*, nreci

21、procal of complexshear modulus, where J* = 1/G*. D4092complex tensile compliance, D*, nreciprocal of complextensile modulus, where D*=1/E*. D4092complex viscosity, h*, nthe complex modulus divided bythe imposed frequency in rad/pliance, J, nthe strain divided by the correspondingstress.DISCUSSIONCom

22、pliance is the reciprocal of position, nquantity of the components of a mixture;usually expressed in terms of the weight percentage, or theatomic percentage of each of the components in the mixture.E7conductivity, electrical (volume), s, nthe ratio of thecurrent density (Acm2) through a specimen to

23、the potentialgradient ( V/cm) in the same direction as the current.DISCUSSIONConductivity is normally expressed in units(ohmcm)1, but the correct SI units are Siemenm.congruent phases, nthose states of matter of unique com-position that co-exist at equilibrium at a single point intemperature and pre

24、ssure; for example, the two coexistingphases of a two-phase equilibrium. E7congruent transformation, nan isothermal, or isobaric,phase change in which both of the phases concerned have thesame composition throughout the process; the order of asystem becomes unary at a composition of congruency. E7co

25、nstitutional diagram, ngraphical representation of thecompositions, temperatures, pressures, or combinationsthereof at which the heterogeneous equilibria of a systemoccur.cooling curve, ngraphical representation of specimen tem-perature or temperature change as a function of time ordecreasing enviro

26、nment temperature.cooling rate, naverage slope of the time-temperature curvetaken over a specific time and temperature interval as thetemperature is decreased.critical curve, nin a binary, or higher order, phase diagram,a locus of points along which two or more phases exist instable thermodynamic eq

27、uilibrium.critical point, nin a binary phase diagram, that specificvalue of composition, temperature, pressure, or combina-tions thereof at which the phases of a heterogeneous equi-librium become identical.critical pressure, nthat pressure at the critical point.critical surface, nin a ternary or hig

28、her order phase diagram,the area upon which the phases in equilibrium becomeidentical. E7critical temperature, nthat temperature at the critical point.crystal, nsolid composed of atoms, ions, or molecules,arranged in a pattern which is periodic in three dimensions.E7crystallinity, nregular arrangeme

29、nt of the atoms of a solid inspace.DISCUSSIONIn most materials, this state is usually imperfectlyachieved. The crystalline regions (ordered regions) are submicroscopicvolumes in which there is more or less regularity of arrangement of thecomponent molecules.crystallite, ncrystalline grain not bounde

30、d by habit planes.E7crystallization, narrangement of previously disordered ma-terial segments of repeating patterns into geometric symme-try.crystallization temperature, nthat temperature at which aspecimen undergoes crystallization upon cooling.Curie point, nsee Curie temperature.Curie temperature,

31、 ntemperature above which a ferromag-netic or ferroelectric material becomes paramagnetic, orparaelectric, respectively.DISCUSSIONThere may be more than one if there are multiplematerials.damping, nloss in energy, dissipated as heat, that resultswhen a material or material system is subjected to ano

32、scillatory load or displacement. D4092devitrification, ncrystallization of an amorphous substance.E7dielectric constant, nsee permittivity, relative.E1142 11b2dielectric dissipation factor, D, nthe ratio of the loss factor,9, to the absolute permittivity, 8, or:D 59/8 (2)DISCUSSIONThe dielectric dis

33、sipation factor is numerically equal tothe tangent of the dielectric loss angle and may be referred to as the losstangent, tan d, or the cotangent of the phase angle, u.dielectric loss angle, nthe angle whose tangent is thedissipation factor or arctan 9/8.DISCUSSIONIt is also the difference between

34、90 degrees and thephase angle.differential thermocouple, nsee differential thermopile.differential thermopile, na number of temperature sensorsconnected in series-opposing and arranged so that there is anincrease in output signal for a given temperature differencebetween alternate junctions maintain

35、ed at a reference tem-perature and the measured temperature.dilatancy, nthe increase in volume caused by shear.dipole relaxation time, g, nthe exponential decay timerequired for the electric polarization of any point of asuitably charged dielectric to fall from its original value to1/e of that value

36、, due to the loss of dipole orientation.DISCUSSIONUnder conditions of an alternating applied field and insystems with a single dipole relaxation time, it is equal to 1/v at the lossfactor peak in cases where the peak is caused by a dipole mechanism.dissipation factor, nsee tangent delta.dissociation

37、, nas applied to heterogeneous equilibria, thetransformation of one phase into two or more new phases, allof different composition. E7dynamic modulus, nsee complex modulus.elasticity, nthat property of materials that causes them toreturn to their original form or condition after the appliedforce is

38、removed. D4092elastic modulus, nsee complex modulus and storage modu-lus.enthalpy, na thermodynamic function defined by the equa-tion H = U + PV where H is the enthalpy, U is the internalenergy, P is the pressure, and V the volume of the system.DISCUSSIONAt constant pressure the change in enthalpy m

39、easuresthe quantity of heat exchanged by the system and its surrounding.equilibrium diagram, nsee constitutional diagram.eutectic point, nsee eutectic.eutectic, adjmixture of two or more substances whichsolidifies as a whole when cooled from the liquid state,without change in composition.DISCUSSIONT

40、he temperature at which the eutectic mixture solidifiesis called the eutectic point. This temperature is constant for a givencomposition, and represents the lowest melting point of the system.failure, nthe point beyond which a material ceases to befunctionally capable of its intended use.failure tem

41、perature (Tf), nthe temperature at which amaterial fails.Fahrenheit, ndesignation of a degree on the Fahrenheittemperature scale that is related to the International PracticalTemperature Scale by means of the equation: TF= 1.8TC+ 32.where:TFis the temperature in degree Fahrenheit and TCis thetempera

42、ture in degrees Celsius.freezing temperature, nsee crystallization temperature.frequency, f, nthe number of cycles per unit time of periodicprocess.DISCUSSIONThe unit is Hertz (Hz) which is equal to 1 cycle per/s.frequency profile, nin dynamic mechanical measurement,plot of the dynamic properties of

43、 a material, at a constanttemperature, as a function of test frequency. D4092gage pressure, npressure measured relative to atmosphericpressure.DISCUSSIONGage pressure is the difference between absolute pres-sure and atmospheric pressure.gamma (g) loss peak, nin dynamic mechanical measure-ment, third

44、 peak in the damping curve below the melt, in theorder of decreasing temperature or increasing frequency.D4092Gibbs Phase Rule, nmaximum number of phases (P) thatmay coexist at equilibrium is equal to two, plus the numberof components (C) in the mixture, minus the number ofdegrees of freedom (F): P+

45、F=C+2. E7glass transition, nreversible change in an amorphous mate-rial or in amorphous regions of a partially crystallinematerial, from (or to) a viscous or rubbery condition to (orfrom) a hard and relatively brittle one.DISCUSSIONThe glass transition generally occurs over a relativelynarrow temper

46、ature region and is similar to the solidification of a liquidto a glassy state. Not only do hardness and brittleness undergo rapidchanges in this temperature region, but other properties, such ascoefficient of thermal expansion and specific heat capacity, also changerapidly. This phenomenon sometime

47、s is referred to as a second ordertransition, rubber transition, or rubbery transition. When more than oneamorphous transition occurs in a material, the one associated withsegmental motions of the backbone molecular chain, or accompaniedby the largest change in properties is usually considered to be

48、 the glasstransition.glass transition temperature, na temperature chosen torepresent the temperature range over which the glass transi-tion takes place.DISCUSSIONThe glass transition temperature can be determinedreadily by observing the temperature region at which a significantchange takes place in

49、some specific electrical, mechanical, thermal, orother physical property. Moreover, the observed temperature can varysignificantly depending on the property chosen for observation and ondetails of the experimental technique (for example, heating rate,frequency of test). Therefore, the observed Tg should be consideredvalid only for that particular technique and set of test conditions.heat capacity, nquantity of heat necessary to change thetemperature of