ASTM D8105-2018 3750 Standard Guide for Use and Application of Geosynthetic Reinforcement Reduction Factor Test Results.pdf

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1、Designation: D8105 18Standard Guide forUse and Application of Geosynthetic ReinforcementReduction Factor Test Results1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye

2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide presents a description of how to use testresults from reduction factor test reports for reinforcement

3、geosynthetics. It is based solely on testing and reportingrequirements as established in American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standardAASHTO R 69-15, Standard Practice for Determination ofLong-Term Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcement.AASHTO R 69-15 is used t

4、o determine the long-term allow-able material strength, Tal, that is solely product propertyperformance dependant.1.2 This guide is intended to assist designers and users ofreinforcement geosynthetics when reviewing reports of reduc-tion factor testing efforts. This guide is not intended to replacee

5、ducation or experience, or other alternative design procedures.This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standardof care by which the adequacy of a given professional servicemust be judged, nor should this document be applied withoutconsideration of a projects many unique aspects. Not a

6、llaspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances.The word “standard” in the title of this document means onlythat the document has been approved through the ASTMconsensus process.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The

7、values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wit

8、h its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized p

9、rinciples on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4355/D4355M Test Method for

10、 Deterioration of Geotex-tiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a XenonArc-Type ApparatusD4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles bythe Wide-Width Strip MethodD4603 Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity ofPoly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by Glass CapillaryViscomet

11、erD5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined TensionCreep and Creep Rupture Behavior of GeosyntheticsD5721 Practice for Air-Oven Aging of Polyolefin Geomem-branesD5818 Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples toEvaluate Installation Damage of GeosyntheticsD6637/D6637M Test Method for Dete

12、rmining Tensile Prop-erties of Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib TensileMethodD6992 Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep andCreep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped IsothermalMethodD7409 Test Method for Carboxyl End Group Content ofPoly

13、ethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns2.2 AASHTO Standard:3AASHTO R 69-15 Standard Practice for Determination ofLong-Term Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcement1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanica

14、l Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8105-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,

15、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box

16、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by th

17、e World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.3 ISO Standards:4ISO EN 13437 Geotextiles and Geotextile-RelatedProductsMethod for Installing and Extracting Samplesin Soil, and Testing Specimens in LaboratoryISO EN 13438 Geotextiles and Geotextile-RelatedProductsScreening T

18、est Method for Determining theResistance to Oxidation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 product linea series of products manufactured usingthe same manufacturing equipment and procedures. The basepolymer/fiber and additives for all products in the line comefrom the same source or are purchased or m

19、anufactured by thesupplier using the same polymer/fiber material and additivespecifications, or both. Manufacturers using multiple sourcesfor base polymer/fiber may document through performancetesting that the resulting end-product performance is the same.Provided this definition is met, it should b

20、e feasible tointerpolate between the products actually tested to the productsnot specifically tested for a given test property.3.1.2 reduction factorin design, a calculated factor basedon results of testing, to determine the reduced property of ageosynthetic product due to degradation over a period

21、of time,or damage as installed.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 RFCRa reduction factor that accounts for the effectof creep on tensile strength at the end of a specified design life,resulting from long-term sustained tensile load applied to thegeosynthetic.3.2.2 RFDa reduction factor that accounts for the st

22、rengthloss caused by chemical degradation of the polymer used in thegeosynthetic reinforcement (for example, oxidation ofpolyolefins, hydrolysis of polyesters, etc.), and the effects ofbiological degradation or microbial organism attack.3.2.3 RFIDa reduction factor that accounts for the damag-ing ef

23、fects of placement and compaction of soil or aggregateover the geosynthetic during installation.3.2.4 Tbaselinethe unexposed, as-manufactured tensilestrength for the product sample used for product evaluation.3.2.5 Tultthe ultimate wide-width tensile strength of thereinforcement determined per Test

24、Method D4595 or D6637/D6637M.4. Significance and Use4.1 The long-term material strength of geosynthetic rein-forcement material is a critical design parameter for many civilengineering projects including, but not limited to, reinforcedwall structures and reinforced slopes. Geosynthetic reinforce-men

25、t products are produced using a variety of polymericmaterials and using a variety of manufacturing procedures.Accordingly, product-specific testing using representative pro-duced products is recommended for establishment of long-termmaterial strength for products used as reinforcement in struc-tures

26、.4.2 The primary use of the test results obtained from areinforcement testing program is to determine the availablelong-term (that is, end of design life, typically 75 years)material strength, Tal, of the reinforcement. The availablelong-term strength, Tal, is calculated as follows:Tal5TultRFID3 RFC

27、R3 RFD(1)4.3 This long-term geosynthetic reinforcement strength con-cept is illustrated in Fig. 1. As shown in the figure, somestrength losses occur immediately upon installation, and othersoccur throughout the design life of the reinforcement. Much ofthe long-term strength loss does not begin to oc

28、cur until nearthe end of the reinforcement design life.4.4 The value selected for Tult, for design purposes, is theminimum average roll value (MARV) for the product. Thisminimum average roll value, denoted as TMARV, accounts forstatistical variance in the material strength. Other sources ofuncertain

29、ty and variability in the long-term strength result from4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.FIG. 1 Long-Term Geosynthetic Strength ConceptsD8105 182i

30、nstallation damage, creep extrapolation, and the chemicaldegradation process. It is assumed that the observed variabilityin the creep rupture envelope is 100 % correlated with theshort-term tensile strength, as the creep strength is typicallydirectly proportional to the short-term tensile strength w

31、ithin aproduct line. Therefore, the MARV of Tultadequately takesinto account variability in the creep strength.4.5 In accordance with AASHTO R 69-15, the test programresults provided in geosynthetic reinforcement design reduc-tion factor test reports are focused on characterization of theproduct lin

32、e, specifically testing representative products withinthe product line to accomplish that characterization.4.6 The guidelines provided in this document explain howto use the test data to characterize the entire product line withregard to long-term strength and durability properties.5. Use of Geosynt

33、hetic Reinforcement Reduction FactorTest Data5.1 A comprehensive test report for geosynthetic reinforce-ment reduction factors, developed in accordance withAASHTO R 69-15, provides both index test and performancetest results. A summary of specific guidelines in AASHTO R69-15 for the application of t

34、he test results to develop reductionfactors is provided in the sections that follow.5.2 Determination of RFID:5.2.1 The determination of RFID, performed in accordancewith Practice D5818, can either be targeted to a characteristicbackfill particle size that is consistent with a projects desig-nated r

35、einforced soil backfill material, or, RFIDcan be targetedto the characteristic reinforced backfill particle size for aproject-specific backfill. The installation damage test resultscan be used for either approach.5.2.2 The effect of installation damage on the tensilestrength of a geosynthetic reinfo

36、rcement product is assessed bycomparing the damaged strength of the product (that is, thestrength of the product after exhuming it from the soil after ithas been installed) to the roll-specific tensile virgin (that is,undamaged) strength of the product sample used for thisinstallation damage evaluat

37、ion. This undamaged tensilestrength measured prior to installation is termed Tbaseline, and isconsidered the baseline tensile strength for the product sampleused for this evaluation in the test program.5.2.3 The degree of installation damage is quantified inAASHTO R 69-15 using the following equatio

38、n:P 5TdamTbaseline3100 (2)where:P = the percentage of strength retained after exposureto installation (that is, installation damage),Tdam= the tensile strength of the material after exposureto installation (that is, in a damaged condition),andTbaseline= the roll-specific tensile strength of the mate

39、rialused in the installation damage tests. This “base-line” strength is the strength prior to exposing thematerial to installation.5.2.4 All three values for each product and condition tested,and associated statistics, are provided in a test report. Exampleinstallation damage test results are provid

40、ed in Figs. 2 and 3.5.2.5 Note that some products will not always have a strongrelationship between the weight or strength of the product andthe degree of measured installation damage that is illustrated inFigs. 2 and 3. For example, the robustness of the coating orpolymer structure may control the

41、degree of damage observed.5.2.6 Figs. 4 and 5 provide an example of this. Trend linesfor the mean, upper bound, and lower bound for the combina-tion of all the products in the product line tested are shown inFig. 4 to illustrate the general trend in the data. From thesetrend lines, a mean or minimum

42、 value at a characteristicgradation parameter such as d50can be determined as illus-trated in Figs. 4 and 5. The installation reduction factor canFrom AASHTO R 69-15.FIG. 2 Example of Installation Damage Data for Several Products That Represent a Product Line, from Testing, When a Strong Relation-sh

43、ip Between a Product Index Property and Strength Retained is ObservedD8105 183then be determined as the reciprocal of Pdmeanor Pdmin,orpossibly something in between, for example.5.2.7 The d50size for the backfill soil is sometimes used asa characteristic parameter to relate the degree of installatio

44、ndamage to the backfill soil characteristics. However, other sizessuch as d85, or other backfill gradation and angularity param-eters and characteristics, could be used instead. The fullgradation curves for the soils used in the installation damagetesting, aggregate durability test results, characte

45、rization suchas crushed (angular) versus natural (rounded), and photographsshould also be provided in the test reports, as these featurestypically contribute significantly to observed damage.5.2.7.1 If it is desired to use one value of strength retainedfor a given product and standard or otherwise s

46、pecifiedbackfill, a value of d50or other backfill characteristic for thecoarsest backfill gradation that meets specification-allowablelimits should be used.5.2.8 Once the strength retained has been determined for theproduct and specified backfill characteristics, the reductionfactor for installation

47、 damage, RFID, is determined simply asthe inverse of the strength retained (that is, 1/P).5.2.9 In addition to the full-scale field installation damagetest results, laboratory (bench) scale installation damage testresults (that is, ISO EN 13437) may also be included in theRFIDtest report. These benc

48、h-scale installation damage testresults should not be used directly to determine RFID, but maybe used for quality assurance testing purposes in lieu offull-scale field installation damage testing, as well as tocompare installation damage performance of the individualproducts within the product line.

49、 Provided that baseline bench-scale installation damage testing is conducted during normalfull-scale testing, the bench-scale results may be used tobenchmark or fingerprint the installation damage behavior, andsubsequent product change investigations or quality assuranceFrom AASHTO R 69-15.FIG. 3 Example of Installation Damage Data Presentation That Can Be Used to Interpolate Values of Strength Retained for Products NotInstallation Damage Tested, When a Strong Relationship Between a Product Index Property and Strength Retained is ObservedFrom AASHTO R 69-15.FIG. 4 Examp