ASTM D6399-2018 red 1407 Standard Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring Air Quality in Aircraft Cabins《飞机座舱空气质量测量仪器和方法的选择标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: D6399 10D6399 18Standard Guide forSelecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring AirQuality in Aircraft Cabins1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6399; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,

2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information and guidance for the selection of instrumentation and test methods for meas

3、uring air qualityin aircraft passenger cabins as well as in areas limited to flightcrew access.1.2 This guide assumes that a list of pollutants to be measured, or analytes of interest, which are present, or may be present,in aircraft cabins is available.1.3 This guide provides information and guidan

4、ce to identify levels of concern pertaining to public and occupational exposuresto relevant air pollutants. This guide does not address levels of concern, if any, related to degradation of materials or aircraftcomponents because of the presence of air pollutants.1.4 Based on levels of concern for pu

5、blic and occupational exposures for each pollutant of interest, this guide providesrecommendations for developing three aspects of data quality objectives (a) detection limit; (b) precision; and (c) bias.1.5 This guide summarizes information on technologies for measurement of different groups or cla

6、sses of air pollutants toprovide a basis for selection of instruments and methods. The guide also identifies information resources on types of availablemeasurement systems.1.6 This guide provides general recommendations for selection of instruments and methods. These recommendations are basedon conc

7、epts associated with data quality objectives discussed in this guide and the information on available instruments andmethods summarized in this guide.1.7 This guide is specific to chemical contaminants and does not address bioaerosols, which may be present in the cabinenvironment.1.8 This guide does

8、 not provide details on use or operation of instruments or methods for the measurement of cabin air quality.1.9 This guide does not provide information on the design of a monitoring strategy, including issues such as frequency ofmeasurement or placement of samplers.1.10 Users of this guide should be

9、 familiar with, or have access to, individuals who have a background in (a) use of instrumentsand methods for measurement of air pollutants and (b) principles of toxicology and health-effects of environmental exposure toair pollutants.1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard

10、. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental pract

11、ices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Re

12、commendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct r

13、esponsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved April 1, 2010March 1, 2018. Published May 2010April 2018. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 asD6399 04.D6399 10. DOI: 10.1520/D6399-10.10.1520/D6399-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, vi

14、sit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM stand

15、ard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM

16、 is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD3162 Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the At

17、mosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrom-etry)D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric PressureD4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements (Withdrawn 2002)3D4490 Practice for Measuring the Concentration of Toxic Gases or Vapors Using Detector TubesD4861

18、 Practice for Sampling and Selection of Analytical Techniques for Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in AirD5149 Test Method for Ozone in the Atmosphere: Continuous Measurement by Ethylene ChemiluminescenceD5156 Test Methods for Continuous Measurement of Ozone in Ambient, Workplace, and Indoor

19、 Atmospheres (UltravioletAbsorption)D5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds inAir (Active Sampler Methodology)D5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodology)D6196 Practice for Choosing Sorbents,

20、 Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for MonitoringVolatile Organic Chemicals in AirD6245 Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and VentilationD7034 Guide for Deriving Acceptable Levels of Airborne Chemical Contaminants in Ai

21、rcraft Cabins Based on Health andComfort Considerations2.2 Other Standards:14 CFR 25 Airworthiness Standards429 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories440 CFR 50 National Ambient Air Quality Standards440 CFR 53 Ambient Air Monitoring Reference and Equivalent Method

22、s440 CFR 60 Standards of Performance for New Stationary SourcesAppendix A: Test Methods4RTCA/DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specif

23、ic to This Standard:3.2.1 analyte, ndesignated chemical species to be measured by a monitor or to be identified and quantitated by an analyzer.3.2.2 bioaerosol, nairborne material of biological origin, including viable microorganisms, pollens, spores, bacteria, viruses,allergens, and biological debr

24、is.3.2.3 ceiling limit, na maximum allowable air concentration, established by the Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-tration (OSHA), that must not be exceeded during any part of the workday.3.2.4 concentration range, na semiquantitative term referring to the extreme uppermost portion of the dis

25、tribution ofanticipated measurements. This term (and the dose or risk analogues) traditionally refers to the portion of the distribution thatconceptually falls above about the 98th percentile of the distribution, but is not higher than the highest individual measurement.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThis term (

26、and the dose or risk analogues) traditionally refers to the portion of the distribution that conceptually falls above aboutthe 98th percentile of the distribution, but is not higher than the highest individual measurement.3.2.5 data quality objectives (DQOs), nqualitative and quantitative statements

27、 of the overall level of uncertainty that adecision-maker is willing to accept in results or decisions derived from environmental data. Minimum DQOs include methoddetection limit, precision, and bias.3.2.5.1 DiscussionMinimum DQOs include method detection limit, precision, and bias.3.2.6 level of co

28、ncern, nan exposure level or concentration that is not to be exceeded by regulation or, for unregulatedpollutants, an exposure level or concentration that is believed to be associated with odor, sensory irritation, and other adverse healthor toxic effects.3 The last approved version of this historic

29、al standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5 Available from Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA), 1150 18th NW, Suite 910, Washington

30、, DC 20036, https:/www.rtca.org.D6399 1823.2.7 lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), nthe lowest exposure at which there is a significant increase in anobservable effect.dose of a chemical in a study or group of studies that produce statistically or biologically significant increasesin frequ

31、ency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and its appropriate control.3.2.7.1 DiscussionSee A Review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration Processes (1).63.2.8 no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), nthe highest exposure among all the available experimental st

32、udies at whichno adverse health or toxic effect is observed.dose of chemical at which there are no statistically or biologically significant increasesin frequency or severity of adverse effects seen between the exposed population and its appropriate control.3.2.8.1 DiscussionEffects may be produced

33、at this dose, but they are not considered to be adverse. See A Review of the Reference Dose and ReferenceConcentration Processes (1).3.2.9 overall uncertainty (OU), nquantity used to characterize, as a whole, the statistical uncertainty of a measurement resultcompared to a true or accepted value. Th

34、e overall uncertainty is expressed as a percentage that combines bias and precision. Fora given statistical confidence level (N), the overall percent uncertainty may be calculated using the following formula:OU5S?X 2XREF?1NXREF D3100 (1)where:X = mean value of results of a number (n) of repeated mea

35、surements,Xref = true or accepted reference value of measurement result, = standard deviation of a number (n) of repeated measurements, andN = number of standard deviations from the mean. N generally takes value of 1, 2 or 3 corresponding to 68 %, 95 %, and 99 %confidence intervals, respectively. Si

36、nce the desired confidence interval is often 90 % or more, a value of 1.7 or highertypically is used for N.For example, given a precision and bias of 610 %, and a desired confidence interval of 95 %, the overall uncertainty using Eq1 will be 30 %.3.2.10 permissible exposure limit (PEL), nthe OSHA-ma

37、ndated time-weighted-average (TWA) concentration of a chemicalin air that must not be exceeded during any 8-h workshift or 40-h work week.3.2.9 safety factor, na dimensionless number, greater than unity, to account for incomplete understanding of errorsencountered in extrapolating exposure or health

38、 effects derived for one set of conditions or basis to another.3.2.10 spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs), ndeveloped by the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration and the Committee on Toxicology from the National Research Council, based on exposure duration of 1 h to 180days.3

39、.2.13 short-term-exposure limit (STEL), nAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)-recommended 15-min TWA air concentration for a chemical which should not be exceeded at any time during a workday, evenif the 8-h TWA concentration is within the threshold limit value (TLV).3.2

40、.14 threshold limit value (TLV), nACGIH-recommended TWA air concentration of a chemical for a normal 8-h workdayand a 40-h workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides procedures and recommendations for the selecti

41、on of test methods and equipment suited to measuringair quality in aircraft cabins.4.2 Major steps in the selection process include identifying one or more levels of concern for each analyte to be monitored,selecting the most appropriate level of concern for each analyte, defining minimum data quali

42、ty objectives that are compatible withthe level of concern, defining desirable operating characteristics that are compatible with the aircraft cabin environment, andselecting instruments and test methods that meet these objectives.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide may be used to identify instrum

43、ents and methods for measuring air quality in aircraft cabins. Such measurementsmay be undertaken to:6 The bold face numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.D6399 1835.1.1 Conduct monitoring surveys to characterize the aircraft cabin environment and to asse

44、ss environmental conditions. Resultsof such measurements could then be compared with relevant standards or guidelines for assessment of health and comfort ofpassengers and flight attendants.5.1.2 Investigate passenger and flight attendant complaints; or5.1.3 Measure and compare the performance of ne

45、w materials and systems for the aircraft cabin environment.6. Identify and Select Levels of Concern6.1 Identification and selection of the level of concern for each analyte of interest is the most important basis essential fordefining data quality objectives. The level of concern for each analyte is

46、 definedidentified from review of applicable regulations,standards, and guidelines using procedures described below in guidelines.6.2 and 6.3.6.2 Use the following sources to compile levels of concerns for each analyte7 identified for monitoring: monitoring.Additionalsources may apply outside of the

47、 US:6.2.1 FAAAirworthiness Standards (14 CFR 21), which specify acceptable exposure levels for ozone, carbon dioxide, carbonmonoxide, and cabin pressure that explicitly apply to the aircraft cabin environment;6.2.2 Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs), which have been defined for chem

48、icals under exposureconditions ranging from 1 h to 180 days for the space program;6.2.3 The Clean Air Act (40 CFR Part 50), which specifies acceptable limits for general population exposure to criteriapollutants (ozone, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and lea

49、d), and also regulates populationexposure to emissions of nearly 200 hazardous air pollutants;6.2.4 The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 CFR 1910), which establishes PELs and ceiling concentrations toprotect workers against the health effects of exposure to approximately 200 hazardous substances;6.2.5 ACGIH Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Values, whichgives TLVs and STELs to define acceptable limits for workplace exposure.6.2.6 AIHAOdor Thresholds for Chemicals with Established