ASTM D6384-2017 6281 Standard Terminology Relating to Biodegradability and Ecotoxicity of Lubricants《润滑剂生物可降解性和生态毒性相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D6384 17Standard Terminology Relating toBiodegradability and Ecotoxicity of Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6384; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio

2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology covers definitions relating to biode-gradability and ecotoxicity of lubricants.1.2 This international standard w

3、as developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referen

4、ced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Bio-degradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsD6139 Test Method for Determining the Aerobic AquaticBiodegradation of Lubricants or Their Components Usingthe Gledhill Shake Flask3. Terminologyactivated sludge, nthe

5、precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microrganisms, that isproduced at a domestic wastewater treatment plant; activatedsludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treatment tomicrobially oxidize dissolved organic matter in the effluent.D6139aerobic, adj(1 ) taki

6、ng place in the presence of oxygen; (2)living or active in the presence of oxygen. D6139biodegradation, nthe process of chemical break-down ortransformation of a material caused by organisms or theirenzymes. D5864DISCUSSIONBiodegradation is only one mechanism by which ma-terials are transformed in t

7、he environment.biomass, nbiological material including any material otherthan fossil fuels which is or was a living organism orcomponent or product of a living organism.DISCUSSIONIn biology and environmental science, biomass istypically expressed as density of biological material per unit samplevolu

8、me, area, or mass (g biomass/g(or/mLor/cm2) sample); whenused for products derived from organisms biomass is typically ex-pressed in terms of mass (kg, MT, etc.) or volume (L, m3, bbl, etc.).DISCUSSIONProducts of living organisms include those materialsproduced directly by living organisms as metabo

9、lites (for example,ethanol, various carbohydrates and fatty acids), materials manufacturedby processing living organisms (for example, pellets manufactured byshredding and pelletizing plant material) and materials produced byprocessing living organisms, their components or metabolites (forexample, t

10、ransesterified oil; also called biodiesel).blank, nin biodegradability testing, a test system containingall system components with the exception of the testmaterial.chronic ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representative subpopulation of organisms is ex-posed to different

11、treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a period of time which constitutes a major portion of theirlife span.ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations.effect load XX (ELXX), na st

12、atistically or graphicallyestimated loading rate of test material that is expected tocause one or more specified effects in XX % of a represen-tative subpopulation of organisms under specified condi-tions.DISCUSSIONThis terminology should be used instead of the standardECXX when the test material is

13、 not completely soluble at the test treatrates.environmental compartment, na subdivision of the envi-ronment based on physical or chemical properties, or both.DISCUSSIONExamples of environmental compartments are aerobicfresh water, aerobic marine, aerobic soil, and anaerobic media. Theresults of tes

14、t procedures may be applied to environmentalcompartments, but the test systems do not constitute an environmentalcompartment.fresh water environment, nthe aerobic, aqueouscompartment, characteristically with a salinity of less thanfive parts per thousand.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction o

15、f ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofD02.12 on Environmental Standards for Lubricants.Current edition approved April 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6384 11. DOI:

16、10.1520/D6384-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the

17、 end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th

18、eDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1good laboratory practices (GLP), nguidelines for themanagement of laboratory experiments which are publishedby regulatory agencies or other recogniz

19、ed groups, and areconcerned with the organizational process and the conditionsunder which laboratory studies are planned, performed,monitored, recorded, and reported.DISCUSSIONThe major GLPs used are USEPA-TSCA, USFDA,OECD, and to some extent, the MITI version from Japan, forsubmissions in Japan.inh

20、ibition load XX (ILXX), na statistically or graphicallyestimated loading rate of test material that is expected tocause a XX % inhibition of a biological process (such asgrowth or reproduction) of a representative subpopulation oforganisms under specified conditions and is expressed as ananalog as o

21、pposed to digital measure.DISCUSSIONAn example of a digital measure would be alive/dead.This terminology (ILXX) should be used instead of the standard ICXXwhen the test material is not completely soluble at the test treat rates.inoculum, nliving spores, bacteria, single celled organisms,or other liv

22、e materials that are introduced into a test medium.lethal load XX (LLXX), na statistically or graphicallyestimated loading rate of test material that is expected to belethal to XX % of a representative subpopulation of organ-isms under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThis terminology should be used f

23、or lubricants insteadof the standard LCXX to designate that the material is not completelysoluble at the test treat rates.microbial degradation, nsynonym for biodegradation.mixed liquor, n in sewage treatment, the contents of anaeration tank including the activated sludge mixed withprimary effluent

24、or the raw wastewater and return sludge.pre-adaptation, nthe incubation of an inoculum in thepresence of the test material which is done prior to theinitiation of the test and under conditions similar to the testconditions. D6139salt water, nthe aerobic, aqueous compartment, characteris-tically with

25、 a salinity equal to or greater than five parts perthousand.sonication, nthe act of subjecting a material to the shearingforces of high-frequency sound waves.DISCUSSIONSonication of a two-phase liquid system may result inthe dispersal of one phase as fine droplets in the other phase.supernatant, nth

26、e liquid above settled solids.terrestrial (or soil) environment, nthe aerobic environmen-tal compartment which is found in and on natural soils.theoretical CO2(carbon dioxide), nthe amount of carbondioxide which could hypothetically be produced from thecomplete biological oxidation of all the carbon

27、 in a material.DISCUSSIONThe appropriate abbreviation is ThCO2.theoretical O2(oxygen), nthe amount of oxygen that istheoretically required to oxidize a material.DISCUSSIONThe appropriate abbreviation is ThO2.toxicity, nthe propensity of a test material to produce adversebehavioral, biochemical, or p

28、hysiological effects in a livingorganism.ultimate biodegradation, ndegradation achieved when thetest material is totally utilized by microorganisms, resultingin the production of carbon dioxide (and possibly methane,in the case of anerobic biodegradation), water, inorganiccompounds, and new microbia

29、l cellular constituents (bio-mass or secretions, or both).ultimate biodegradation test, na test which estimates theextent to which the carbon in a material is converted tocarbon dioxide or methane, either directly by measuring theproduction of carbon dioxide O2or methane, or indirectly bymeasuring t

30、he consumption of oxygen.DISCUSSIONThe measurement of new biomass is usually not at-tempted.water accommodated fraction (WAF), nthe predominantlyaqueous portion of a mixture of water and a material poorlysoluble in water which separates in a specified period of timeafter the mixture has undergone a

31、specified degree of mixingand which includes water, dissolved components, and dis-persed droplets of the poorly water soluble material.DISCUSSIONThe composition of the WAF depends on the ratio ofpoorly soluble material to water in the original mixture as well as on thedetails of the mixing procedure

32、.water soluble fraction (WSF), nthe filtrate or centrifugateof the water accommodated fraction which includes all partsof the WAF except the dispersed droplets of the poorlysoluble material.wppm, abbr.an abbreviation for part per million by weight.D6384 172SUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.12 has i

33、dentified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D6384 11) that may impact the use of this standard. (April 1, 2017.)(1) Deleted redundant terms: acute ecotoxicity, acute ecotox-icity test, loading rate, mechanical dispersion, primarybiodegradation, and primary biodeg

34、radation test.(2) Revised definitions for biodegradation and lethal load XX(LLXX).This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revi

35、sion of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you

36、shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be o

37、btained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 173