ASTM D4675-2009 Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials《扁平皮带材料选择和使用的标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: D 4675 09Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis guide covers two common categories of strapping materials
3、: flat carbon steel and nonmetallicstrapping. Within each of these two broad categories, there are distinct types that lend themselves toparticular applications to differing degrees.The goal of this guide is to help the user focus on the desired elements of performance or service,and the unique prop
4、erties of each strapping material in order to judge which of these strappingmaterials is best suited for the application. Contact your supplier for further information.It is recognized that there are other materials (not covered) that may also offer acceptable solutionsor may be used in conjunction
5、with flat strapping. Also, examples of ancillary materials are shown inFig. 1.Strapping may be recyclable. Contact your supplier for further information.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on flat strapping materi-als (steel or nonmetallic) for the prospective user wantinginitial guidance in s
6、electing a strapping material and appliedconfiguration for use in packaging (closing, reinforcing, baling,unitizing, or palletizing) and loading (load unitization andsecurement to transport vehicle) applications. The use appliesto handling, securement, storage, and distribution systems.1.2 Carrier a
7、ssociations have established certain packagingand loading requirements that in some cases specify a type ofstrap, the minimum size or strength, or both, and type of jointor seal, or both, that must be used for certain types ofshipments or under certain conditions. Users should consultwith their carr
8、iers initially to determine if there are applicable,published requirements. Individual carriers may establish theirown requirements (see 2.2).1.3 Limitations This guide is not intended to give specificinformation as to how strapping must be used in any particularpackaging or loading situation. Rathe
9、r it is intended to beinformational in nature and is offered as a starting point fortesting. The need for thorough user testing is to be emphasizedas is a review of pertinent regulations that can influence theselection of sizes, types, and possibly, application methods.1.4 The sections in this guide
10、 appear in the following order:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Safety Hazards 5General Considerations:Properties of Strap Types 6General Uses 7Strap Tension 8Packaging Design:Distribution 9Package Configuration 10Strap Selection 11Joining Methods and Properties
11、Joint Methods and Properties (except loop joint) 12Loop Joint and Seal Properties 13Coatings:Strap Coatings and Purposes 14Application:Equipment for Strap Application 15Strap Application 16Testing and Evaluation:Testing and Developing Final Package Design 17Evaluation of Strap Failure 18Keywords 19S
12、upplementary Guideline S11This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing ofLoads.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition
13、 approved in 2006 as D 4675 062.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.FIG. 1 Applications for Steel and Nonmetallic StrappingD46750921.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given
14、in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app
15、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safetyhazard statements are given in Section 5 and Note 13.1 and15.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 3950
16、Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Join-ing Methods)D 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems2.2 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Code, Rule 41, Section 93National Motor Freight Classif
17、ication 100-L, Item 222,Section 74ISTA, International Safe Transit Association, Pre-ShipmentTest Procedures5Association of American Railroads Railing63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor general definitions of packaging anddistribution environments, see Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specifi
18、c to This Standard: Thefollowing refer to the characteristics and properties of strap-ping materials. These can be objectively measured to someextent and are used to rank the relative effectiveness ofdifferent strapping materials in different applications. Thedefinitions given here are for the purpo
19、ses of this guide onlyand do not necessarily reflect general usage or ASTM standarddefinitions. Some properties are common to both steel andnonmetallic strapping. Other properties are peculiar to nonme-tallic only, or to steel only.3.2.1 break strength, nthe longitudinal tensile force thatmust be ap
20、plied to cause a strap to rupture. (See SpecificationsD 3950 and D 3953.)3.2.2 corner break strength, nthe reduced break strengthdue to the strap being bent around an edge. (See SpecificationD 3953.)3.2.3 dead stretch (creep), npermanent deformation, re-sulting from the application of tension over t
21、ime.3.2.4 ductility in bending (resistance to “work hardening”),n ductility is the opposite of “brittleness”. This quality isrelated to corner break strength and closely allied with strengthand elongation in determining impact resistance. It is alsoimportant in tensioning applications requiring the
22、strap to bebent double, and in loop joint applications. (SpecificationD 3953 contains test procedures and specifications.)3.2.5 elongation at break, nthe increase in strappinglength due to tensile load at the time of break. (See Specifica-tions D 3950 and D 3953.)3.2.6 energy to break, nthe maximum
23、force required tobreak a strap as measured by the area under the stress-straincurve.3.2.7 environmental resistant properties (see Table 1):3.2.8 atmospheric contamination, nthe presence ofchemicals in the atmosphere which degrades strap properties.(See Section 14.)3.2.9 mechanism, nincludes applicat
24、ion, tool, tooling,tensioner, sealer, and power strap equipment.3.2.10 moisture sensitivity, nthe degradation of propertiescaused by presence of moisture or moisture vapor.3.2.11 temperature sensitivity, nthe deterioration of prop-erties caused by high or low temperatures.3.2.12 ultraviolet light se
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