ASTM D4083-1989(2007) Standard Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)《冻土的描述(人工目测法)》.pdf
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1、Designation: D 4083 89 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forDescription of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4083; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice presents a procedu
3、re for the description offrozen soils based on visual examination and simple manualtests.1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with Test MethodD 2487 and Practice D 2488, which describe and classify soils,but do not cover their frozen state.1.3 This procedure is based on “Guide to Field Descr
4、iptionof Permafrost for Engineering Purposes,” National ResearchCouncil of Canada, 1963, and MIL-STD-619.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and
5、 health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not
6、 all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique a
7、spects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soi
8、l, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)2.2 Military Stan
9、dard:MIL-STD-619 Unified Soil Classification System forRoads, Airfields, Embankments and Foundations33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of the soil components of a frozen soilmass, that is, boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, fines (silt andclay), and organic soils and peat shall be in acc
10、ordance withTerminology D 653.3.1.2 The following terms are used in conjunction with thedescription of frozen ground areas (Fig. 1):43.1.2.1 annual frost zone (active layer)the top layer ofground subject to annual freezing and thawing.3.1.2.2 frost tablethe frozen surface, usually irregular,that rep
11、resents the level, to which thawing of seasonally frozenground has penetrated. See Fig. 1.3.1.2.3 frozen zonea range of depth within which the soilis frozen. The frozen zone may be bounded both top andbottom by unfrozen soil, or at the top by the ground surface.3.1.2.4 ground icea body of more or le
12、ss clear ice withinfrozen ground.3.1.2.5 ice wedgea wedge-shaped mass in permafrost,usually associated with fissures in polygons.3.1.2.6 icinga surface ice mass formed by freezing ofsuccessive sheets of water.3.1.2.7 permafrostthe thermal condition in soil or rock,wherein the materials have existed
13、at a temperature below 0C1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils andRock.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition
14、approved in 2001 as D 4083 83 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Naval Pu
15、blications and Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Ave.,Philadelphia, PA 19120.4For more complete lists of generally accepted terms used in the description offrozen ground see: Hennion, F., “Frost and Permafrost Definitions,” Bulletin 111,Highway Research Board, Washington, DC 1955; and Brown, R. J. E., and Ku
16、psch,W. D., “Permafrost Terminology,” Technical Memorandum No. 111, NationalResearch Council of Canada, 1974.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(32F) continuously for a number of years. Pore fluids or icemay or may not b
17、e present.3.1.2.8 permafrost tablethe surface that represents theupper limit of permafrost.3.1.2.9 polygons (polygonal ground)more or less regular-sized surface patterns created by thermal contraction of theground. Two types are common: (a) those with depressedcenters and (b) those with raised cente
18、rs.3.1.2.10 residual thaw zonea layer of unfrozen groundbetween the permafrost and the annual frost zone. This layerdoes not exist where annual frost extends to permafrost.3.1.3 The following terms are used to describe the charac-teristics of the frozen earth:3.1.3.1 candled iceice that has rotted o
19、r otherwise formedinto long columnar crystals, very loosely bonded together.3.1.3.2 clear iceice that is transparent and contains only amoderate number of air bubbles.3.1.3.3 cloudy iceice that is translucent or relativelyopaque due to the content of air or for other reasons, but whichis essentially
20、 sound and nonpervious.3.1.3.4 excess iceice in excess of the fraction that wouldbe retained as water in the soil voids after thawing.3.1.3.5 friablea condition under which the material iseasily broken up under light to moderate pressure.3.1.3.6 granular iceice that is composed of coarse, moreor les
21、s equidimensional, crystals weakly bonded together.3.1.3.7 ice coatings on particlesdiscernible layers of icefound on or below the larger soil particles in a frozen soil mass.They are sometimes associated with hoarfrost crystals, whichhave grown into voids produced by the freezing action.3.1.3.8 ice
22、 crystala very small individual ice particlevisible in the face of a soil mass. Crystals may be present aloneor in combination with other ice formations.3.1.3.9 ice lenseslenticular ice formations in soil occur-ring essentially parallel to each other, generally normal to thedirection of heat loss, a
23、nd commonly in repeated layers.3.1.3.10 ice segregationthe growth of ice within soil inexcess of the amount that may be produced by the in-placeconversion of the original void moisture to ice. Ice segregationoccurs most often as distinct lenses, layers, veins, and masses,commonly, but not always, or
24、iented normal to the direction ofheat flow.3.1.3.11 poorly bondeda condition in which the soilparticles are weakly held together by the ice so that the frozensoil has poor resistance to chipping and breaking.3.1.3.12 porous iceice that contains numerous voids,usually interconnected and usually resul
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