ASTM D3053-2017a Standard Terminology Relating to Carbon Black.pdf

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1、Designation: D3053 17D3053 17aStandard Terminology Relating toCarbon Black1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese

2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.Terms that are generally understood

3、or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Reco

4、mmendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines and AttritionD1509 Test Methods for Carbon BlackHeating LossD1510 Test Method for Carbon BlackIodine Adsorption

5、NumberD1511 Test Method for Carbon BlackPellet Size DistributionD1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedPour DensityD1514 Test Method for Carbon BlackSieve ResidueD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD1618 Test Method for Carbon Black ExtractablesTransmittance of Toluene ExtractD1765 Classificati

6、on System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber ProductsD1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Packaged ShipmentsD1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk ShipmentsD1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedMass StrengthD2414 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil Absorption Number (OAN)D2663 Test Methods

7、for Carbon BlackDispersion in RubberD3265 Test Method for Carbon BlackTint StrengthD3313 Test Method for Carbon BlackIndividual Pellet Hardness (Withdrawn 2017)3D3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil Absorption Number of Compressed Sample (COAN)D3849 Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphological Characte

8、rization of Carbon Black Using Electron MicroscopyD5230 Test Method for Carbon BlackAutomated Individual Pellet HardnessD6556 Test Method for Carbon BlackTotal and External Surface Area by Nitrogen AdsorptionD6602 Practice for Sampling and Testing of Possible Carbon Black Fugitive Emissions or Other

9、 Environmental Particulate, orBothD7854 Test Method for Carbon Black-Void Volume at Mean Pressure3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aciniform, adjshaped like a cluster of grapes.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommi

10、ttee D24.41 on Carbon BlackNomenclature and Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017Dec. 1, 2017. Published October 2017January 2018. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20152017 asD3053 15.D3053 17. DOI: 10.1520/D3053-17.10.1520/D3053-17A.2 For referencedASTM sta

11、ndards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org

12、.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior ed

13、itions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1DISCUSSIONThe spheroidal primary particles of c

14、arbon black are fused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniform morphology.carbon black, nan engineered material, primarily composed of elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion orthermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as aggregates of aciniform morphology whi

15、ch are composed of spheroidalprimary particles which exhibit uniformity of primary particle sizes within a given aggregate4 and turbostratic layering withinthe primary particles.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits a hierarchy of morphological features: particles (that is, primary particles), aggregates,

16、 and agglomerates. While the fundamentalbuilding block of carbon black is the primary particle, they almost never exist in isolation, but are strongly fused by covalent bonds into aggregates.4The primary particles are conceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the primary particle no

17、 longer exists, they are no longer discreteand have no physical boundaries amongst them. Once produced, individual aggregates join together by van der Waals forces to form agglomerates.Agglomerates do not break down into smaller components unless adequate force is applied (for example, shear force).

18、 Primary particle and aggregatesizes are distributional properties and vary depending on the carbon black grade. Transmission electron micrographs shown in Annex A1 of PracticeD6602 demonstrate that while primary particle and aggregate sizes vary greatly within a given grade of carbon black, the pri

19、mary particle size isessentially uniform within an individual aggregate.4carbon black, carcass grade, na type of furnace carbon black having an average nitrogen surface area in the range of 21 to 69m2/g.DISCUSSIONCarcass-grade carbon blacks are produced by the oil furnace process. The use of these g

20、rades in the rubber industry is not limited to the carcass portionof the tire. These grades are designated with an “N” first character and a second character of “4, 5, 6, or 7” in Table 1 of Classification D1765. SeeTerminology D1566 for the definition of carcass.carbon black, furnace, na type of ca

21、rbon black produced by the decomposition reaction of hydrocarbons when injected intoa high-velocity stream of combustion gases under controlled conditions.carbon black, hard, nSee carbon black, tread grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcement when mixed

22、 in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of the carbon black gradeand amount used. See Terminology D1566 for the definition of reinforcement.carbon black, semi-reinforcing, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforceme

23、nt when mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of the carbon black gradeand amount used. See Terminology D1566 for the definition of reinforcement.carbon black, soft, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcem

24、ent when mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of the carbon black gradeand amount used. See Terminology D1566 for the definition of reinforcement.carbon black, surface activity, nthe inherent ability of the carbon black surface to interact physically or chemically, or both,with

25、 rubber or other molecules.carbon black, target value, na consensus value for selected primary properties on which producers center their manufacturingprocess and users center their specification.DISCUSSION4 The one exception to this general characteristic of manufactured carbon black is thermal bla

26、ck, in which primary particles may exist in isolation and the primary particlesizes within an aggregate are not necessarily uniform.D3053 17a2Target values for carbon black properties are shown in Classification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently in commerce.carbon black, thermal, n

27、a type of carbon black produced under controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” first character and a second character of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon black, thermal, acety

28、lenic, na thermal black produced from acetylene gas.carbon black, tread grade, na type of furnace carbon black having an average nitrogen surface area of 70 m2/g or greater.DISCUSSIONTread grade carbon blacks are produced by the oil furnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is

29、not limited to the tread portionof the tire. These grades are designated with an “N” first character and a second character of “0, 1, 2, or 3” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon black, typical value, na consensus value for those carbon black properties that are not specifically targeted for c

30、ontrolin the manufacturing process and that are somewhat dependent upon the targeted properties.DISCUSSIONTypical values for carbon black properties are shown in Classification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently in commerce. These areconsensus values based upon the range in values s

31、upplied by the manufacturers. Typical values are useful in making comparisons between grades butthey are not the set-point targets for the process and may be expected to differ significantly between producers.carbon black agglomerate, na cluster of physically bound and entangled aggregates.DISCUSSIO

32、NSee Test Method D3849.carbon black aggregate, na discrete, rigid, colloidal mass of extensively coalesced particles; it is the smallest dispersible unit.carbon black microstructure, narrangement of carbon atoms within a carbon black particle.carbon black particle, na small spheroidally shaped (para

33、crystalline, non-discrete) component of a carbon black aggregate; itis separable from the aggregate only by fracturing.carbon black particle diameter, narithmetic average of the diameters of particles within a carbon black aggregate as measuredby electron microscopy.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.c

34、arbon black pellet, na relatively large agglomerate mass that has been densified in spheroidal form to facilitate handling andprocessing.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1511.carbon black reinforcing, nSee carbon black, tread grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of rein

35、forcement when mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of the carbon black gradeand amount used. See Terminology D1566 for the definition of reinforcement.carbon black structure, nthe quality of irregularity and deviation from sphericity of the shape of a carbon black aggregate.ca

36、rbon black weight mean particle size, nratio equal to the sum of individual particle diameters, each raised to the fourthpower, divided by the sum of the individual particle diameters, raised to the third power.D3053 17a3carbon char, nthe unprocessed material obtained after a pyrolysis process of sc

37、rapped rubber goods or the unprocessed materialproduced from pyrolysis of biomaterials.DISCUSSIONDue to its lack of post processing, carbon char may still contain wire and fabric, and is typically not pelletized. This material has little or no reinforcingproperties if introduced into a rubber compou

38、nd. The material has been used as a low cost carbon fuel or applications that require low cost,non-reinforcing pressed oil absorption number (COAN), nSee oil absorption number of compressed sample, the preferred term.dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of a fillers primary unit (i.e., aggreg

39、ate of carbon black) into a compound. See alsomacro-dispersion,micro-dispersion, and visual dispersion.fines, nthat portion of pelleted carbon black that passes through a specified sieve under standard conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1508.heating loss, nmass loss, in percent, when carbon black

40、 is heated at 125C for 1 h; the heating loss is primarily attributed tomoisture content.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D1509.individual pellet hardness, nthe force required to fracture or crush a carbon black pellet.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D3313 and D5230.iodine adsorption number, nthe number of gram

41、s of iodine adsorbed per kilogram of carbon black under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1510.lot, na quantity of carbon black that is essentially uniform in composition and characteristics.lot sample, na quantity of carbon black selected to represent a lot for testing purposes and ta

42、ken in accordance with PracticeD1799 or D1900.macro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of filler into a compound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumentationincluding but not limited to a light microscope, profilometer, or interferometric microscope, generally on a scale of less than 100m b

43、ut greater than 2 m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D2663.mass strength, na measure of the tendency for carbon black pellets to pack together and to influence flow in a bulk handlingsystem.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1937.material, na quantity of carbon black with unique composition and characteristics.mo

44、isture content, nthe percentage, by mass, of water absorbed and adsorbed by carbon black.DISCUSSIOND3053 17a4See heating loss.micro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of a fillers primary unit (that is, aggregate of carbon black) into a compound that canbe assessed with the aid of instrumentation i

45、ncluding but not limited to an electron microscope or scanning probe microscope,generally on a scale of less than 2 m.nanomaterial, nmaterial with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in thenanoscale.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morph

46、ology composed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to form discrete entities calledaggregates.5 The primary particles are conceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primary particle” no longer exists, they are nolonger discrete, and have no physical boundar

47、ies amongst them.The aggregates are loosely held together by weaker forces forming larger entities calledagglomerates. The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force is applied (for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallestdispersible unit.5 Carbon black is placed on the

48、 market in the form of agglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of the ISOTechnical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon black is considered a nanostructured material (material having internal or surface structure inthe nanoscale).nanoparticle, na nano-object with all thr

49、ee external dimensions in the nanoscale size range (that is, approximately 1 to 100 nm).DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology composed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to form discrete entities calledaggregates.5 The primary particles are conceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primary particle” no longer exists, they are nolonger discrete, and have no physical boundaries amongst them.The aggregates are loosely held to