ASTM C936-2008 Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units.pdf

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1、Designation: C 936 08Standard Specification forSolid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for interlock-ing concrete pavers manufactured for the construction of pavedsurfaces.1.2 When parti

3、cular features are desired, such as weightclassification, higher compressive strength, surface textures,finish, color, or other special features, such properties shouldbe specified by the purchaser. Local sellers, however, should beconsulted as to availability of units having the desired features.1.

4、3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing ConcreteMasonry Units and Related UnitsC 150 Spec

5、ification for Portland CementC 207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-posesC 260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-creteC 331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Con-crete Masonry UnitsC 418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandblastingC 494/C

6、 494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 979 Specification for Pigments for Integrally ColoredConcreteC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated

7、 Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and MortarsC 1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementC 1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesC 1645 Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing SaltDurability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units3. Terminology3.1 Definiti

8、ons:3.1.1 architectural finishessurface modified by mechani-cal means such as blasting, hammering, polishing, tumbling,washing, or other methods.4. Materials4.1 Cementitious Materials shall conform to the followingapplicable ASTM specifications:4.1.1 Portland CementsSpecification C 150.4.1.2 Blended

9、 CementsSpecification C 595, Types IS orIP.4.1.3 Hydraulic CementSpecification C 1157.4.1.4 Hydrated Lime, Type SSpecification C 207.4.1.5 Fly AshSpecification C 618.4.1.6 Ground SlagSpecification C 989.4.1.7 Silica FumeSpecification C 1240.4.2 Aggregates shall conform to the following ASTMspecifica

10、tions, except that grading requirements shall notnecessarily apply:4.2.1 Normal WeightSpecification C33.4.2.2 LightweightSpecification C 331.1This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C27 on PrecastConcrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.20 onArchit

11、ectural and Structural Products.Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C 936 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Ann

12、ual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 Chemical Admixtures shall conform to the followingapplicable ASTM speci

13、fications:4.3.1 Air-entraining AdmixturesSpecification C 260.4.3.2 Water-reducing, Retarding, and AcceleratingAdmixturesSpecification C 494/C 494M.4.3.3 Pigments for Integrally Colored ConcreteSpecification C 979.4.4 Other ConstituentsIntegral water repellents, and othermaterials for which no ASTM s

14、tandards exist, shall be previ-ously established as suitable for use in concrete or shall beshown by test or experience not to be detrimental to theconcrete.5. Physical Requirements5.1 Units shall have an exposed face area #0.065 m2(101in.2), and their overall length divided by thickness shall be#4.

15、The minimum specified thickness shall be 60 mm (2.36 in.).See Fig. 1.5.2 Concrete units covered by this specification may bemade from lightweight or normal weight aggregates or mixedlightweight and normal weight aggregates.5.3 Compressive StrengthAt the time of delivery to thework site, the average

16、compressive strength of the test samplesshall be not less than 55 MPa (8000 psi) with no individual unitless than 50 MPa (7200 psi) as required in 6.2.5.4 AbsorptionThe average absorption of the test samplesshall not be greater than 5 % with no individual unit greaterthan 7 % as required in 6.2.5.5

17、Resistance to Freezing and ThawingIf the units areexposed to freezing and deicing materials during service, themanufacturer shall satisfy the purchaser either by proven fieldperformance or a laboratory freezing-and-thawing test that thepaving units have adequate resistance to freezing and thawing.If

18、 a laboratory test is used, test in accordance with Test MethodC 1645. Specimens sampled from units that will not beexposed to deicing salts in service shall be tested in tap water.Specimens sampled from units that will be exposed to deicingmaterials in service shall be tested in 3 % saline solution

19、.Specimens shall comply with either of the following: (a)nogreater mass loss than 200 g/m2when subject to 25 freeze-thawcycles, or (b) no greater mass loss than 500 g/m2when subjectto 50 freeze-thaw cycles. This test method shall be conductednot more than 12 months prior to delivery of units.5.6 Abr

20、asion ResistanceWhen tested in accordance withTest Method C 418, specimens shall not have an averagevolume loss greater than 15 cm3/50 cm2(0.92 in.3/7.75 in.2).The average thickness loss shall not exceed 3 mm (0.118 in.).5.7 Dimensional ToleranceMeasured length or width oftest specimens shall not di

21、ffer by more than 61.6 mm (60.063in.) from specified dimensions. Measured height of test speci-mens shall not differ by more than 63.2 mm (60.125 in.) fromthe specified dimension. All tests shall be performed asrequired in 6.2. Units shall meet dimensional tolerances priorto the application of archi

22、tectural finishes.6. Sampling and Testing6.1 The purchaser or his authorized representative shall beaccorded proper facilities to inspect and sample the units at theplace of manufacture from the lots ready for delivery. Prior todelivery of units, the supplier and purchaser shall decide on thelot siz

23、e from which to sample test specimens for resistance tofreezing and thawing, abrasion resistance, absorption, com-pressive strength, and dimensional tolerances.6.2 Sample a minimum of three (3) test specimens each forcompressive strength, absorption, and dimensional tolerancesand test units in accor

24、dance with Test Methods C 140. Speci-mens tested for dimensional tolerances may be used forabsorption testing. Sample a minimum of three (3) specimensand test for resistance to freezing and thawing in accordancewith Test Method C 1645. Sample a minimum of two (2)specimens for abrasion resistance and

25、 test in accordance withTest Method C 418.7. Visual Inspection7.1 All units shall be sound and free of defects that wouldinterfere with the proper placing of the units or impair thestrength or performance of the construction. Minor cracksincidental to the usual methods of manufacture or minorchippin

26、g resulting from customary methods of handling inshipment and delivery shall not be deemed grounds forrejection.8. Rejection8.1 In case the shipment fails to conform to the specifiedrequirements, the manufacturer may sort it, and new specimensshall be selected by the purchaser from the retained lot

27、andtested at the expense of the manufacturer. In case the second setof specimens fails to conform to the test requirements, theentire lot shall be rejected.FIG. 1 Length, Width, and Thickness of Concrete Paving UnitsC936082ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent ri

28、ghts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at an

29、y time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments w

30、ill receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by A

31、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C936083