ASTM C859-2014b Standard Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials《有关核材料的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: C859 14aC859 14bStandard Terminology Relating toNuclear Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth

2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definitions, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acronymsand symbols specifically associa

3、ted with standards under the jurisdiction of Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Thisterminology The content of this terminology standard may also be applicable to documents not under the jurisdiction of CommitteeC26, in which case this terminology standard may be referenced in those documents.1.2

4、While subcommittees within Committee C26 are free to only provide terms and definitions within individual standards, eachsubcommittee may request the addition of utilized terms and definitions to this terminology standard if it believes that such servesthe broader interest of Committee C26 and the n

5、uclear fuel cycle profession. Therefore, terms and definitions proposed forinclusion in Terminology C859 need not be used in more than one committee standard before being considered.1.3 In general, technical terms that are defined in common dictionaries would not also be defined in this terminology

6、standardunless there is a need to emphasize a specific definition in making appropriate use of a Committee C26 standard.1.4 Subcommittee C26.10 (Nondestructive Assay) also has a terminology standard applicable to its standards: TerminologyC1673.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1673 Termin

7、ology of C26.10 Nondestructive Assay Methods3. Terminologyabsorbed dose, D, L2 T-2, nabsorbed dose is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass of specifiedmaterial.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), defined as 1 J/kg.abundance sensitivity, nin methods of c

8、hemical analysis, the ratio of the ion beam intensity of the major isotope, M, to thebackground current at the adjacent mass positions.Abundance sensitivity5ion current at mass Mion current at M61 (1)accelerated test, nfor the prediction of long term behavior of materials, a test that results in an

9、increase either in the rate of analteration mode or in the extent of reaction progress, when compared with expected service conditions.DISCUSSIONChanges in the expected alteration mechanism (s) caused by the accelerated test conditions, if any, must be accounted for in the use of the acceleratedtest

10、 data.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.01 on Editorial andTerminology.Current edition approved June 15, 2014July 1, 2014. Published July 2014August 2014. Originally approved in 1977. Last pre

11、vious edition approved in 2014 asC859 14.C859 14a. DOI: 10.1520/C0859-14a.10.1520/C0859-14B.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Su

12、mmary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommen

13、ds that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1accuracy, nthe cl

14、oseness of agreement between a measurement result and an accepted reference. (E170)activity, A, T1, nthe measure of the rate of spontaneous nuclear transformations of a radioactive material. The SI unit foractivity is the becquerel (Bq), defined as one transformation per second. The original unit fo

15、r activity was the curie (Ci), definedas 3.7 1010 transformations per second.alpha radiation, nis the spontaneous emission of an alpha particle, composed of two protons and two neutrons with a positivecharge of plus two, during the nuclear transformation process.DISCUSSIONAn alpha particle is the sa

16、me as a helium-4 atom with no electrons.alteration, nany change in the form, state, or properties of materials.alteration layer, nin materials interaction with water, a layer of alteration phases at the surface of the specimen.DISCUSSIONSeveral distinct layers may form at the surface and within crac

17、ks in the material. Layers may be composed of discrete crystallites.alteration mechanism, nthe series of fundamental chemical or physical processes by which alteration occurs.alteration mode, nfor the prediction of long-term behavior of materials, a particular form of alteration, for example: genera

18、lcorrosion, localized corrosion.alteration phase, nin materials interactions with their environment, a solid phase formed as a result of material interactions, thatreplaces some amount of the original phase; may form by precipitation from solution of in-situ transformation of a chemicallyaltered sol

19、id.alteration product, nsee alteration phase.aluminum-based spent nuclear fuel, nirradiated nuclear fuel or target elements or assemblies, or both, that are clad inaluminum or aluminum-rich alloys.DISCUSSIONThe microstructures contain a continuous aluminum-rich matrix with fissile-rich particles dis

20、persed in this matrix.aluminum-based spent nuclear fuel form or waste form, nany metallic form produced from aluminum-based spent nuclearfuel and having a microstructure containing a continuous aluminum-rich matrix with uranium-rich particles dispersed in thismatrix.DISCUSSIONThis term may include t

21、he fuel itself or the product from the melt-dilute process.analog, nfor the prediction of long term behavior of materials, a material, process, or system whose composition, andenvironmental history are sufficiently similar to those anticipated for the materials, processes, or systems of interest to

22、permituse of insight gained regarding its condition or behavior to be applied to the material, process, or system of interest.analysis (physical or chemical), nthe determination of physical or chemical properties or composition of a material.analyte, nin method of chemical analysis, a sample compone

23、nt whose presence and concentration is of interest.analytical sample, na portion of a material (solid, liquid, or gas) used in chemical, physical, or radiological analysis.annealing, nin glass leach tests, a controlled cooling process for glass designed to reduce thermal residual stress to an accept

24、ablelevel, and, in some cases, modify structure.artificial aging, nany short time treatment that is designed to duplicate or simulate the material/property changes that normallyoccur after prolonged exposure and radioactive decay.attribute test, nfor the prediction of long-term behavior of materials

25、, a test conducted to provide material property data that arerequired as input to behavior models, but are not themselves responses to the environment, such as density, thermal conductivity,mechanical properties, radionuclide content of waste forms, and so forth.C859 14b2back-reaction, nreaction bet

26、ween dissolved components and a material to re-form bonds that are broken during dissolution ofthis material.becquerel (Bq), T1, nthe SI unit of measure for activity, defined as one transformation per second.beta radiation, nan electron that was generated in the atomic nucleus during decay and has a

27、 negative charge of one.bias of a measurement process, na consistent or systematic difference between a set of test results obtained from the processwhen measuring a property, and the accepted reference value of the property being measured.bounding model, nfor the prediction of long term behavior of

28、 materials, a model that yields values for dependent variables oreffects that are expected to be either always greater than or always less than those expected for the variables or effects to bebounded.calcine, vto fire or heat a granular or particulate solid at less than fusion temperature but suffi

29、ciently to remove most of itschemically combined volatile matter (for example, H2O, CO2) and otherwise to develop the desired properties for use.canyon, nin the nuclear industry, a long, narrow, remotely operated, radiological facility.DISCUSSIONA large, heavily-shielded facility where nuclear mater

30、ial is processed or stored.chemical durability, nin leach tests, the resistance of a material to alteration, dissolution, and release of its constituents, underthe specific conditions of the test.chemisorbed water, nin the drying of spent nuclear fuel, water that is bound to other species by forces

31、whose energy levelsapproximate those of chemical bounds.closed system, nin leach tests, a system utilizing a test container that is impervious to material transport.confinement, nin a dry cask storage system (DCSS) for spent nuclear fuel in the U.S., the ability of a DCSS to prevent therelease of ra

32、dioactive substances into the environment.confinement systems, nin a dry cask storage system (DCSS) for spent nuclear fuel in the U.S., the assembly of components ofthe packaging intended to retain the radioactive material during storage.DISCUSSIONThese may include the cladding, storage system shell

33、, bottom and lid, penetration covers, the closure welds or seals, and bolts and other components.confirmation test, nfor the prediction of long term behavior of materials, a test for which results are not used in the initialdevelopment of a model or the determination of parameter values for a model

34、but are used for comparison with predictions ofthat model for model validation.continuing calibration blank check solution (CCB)in methods of chemical analysis, a standard solution that has no analyteand is used to verify blank response and freedom from carryover.continuing calibration verification

35、check solution (CCV)in methods of chemical analysis, a standard solution (or set ofsolutions) used to verify freedom from excessive instrument drift; the concentration is to be near the midrange of a linear curve.continuous flow, nfor leach tests, the continual replacement of solution in the reactio

36、n cell with fresh test solution.control test, nfor leach tests, test conducted without a specimen to measure background concentrations in the leachant andcontamination from interactions between test solution and apparatus.corrosion product, nfor aluminum-based spent fuel storage or disposal, an ion

37、or compound formed during the interaction ofthe aluminum-based spent nuclear fuel with its storage or disposal environment.DISCUSSIONThe corrosion product may be the result of aqueous corrosion, oxidation, reaction with moist air, or other types of chemical or electrochemicalinteractions.CRUD, acrin

38、 nuclear waste management, deposits on fuel surfaces of corrosion products that circulate in the reactor coolant.DISCUSSIONC859 14b3Compositions reflect materials exposed to coolant and activation products formed during irradiation.crushed glass, nin a glass leach test, small particles of glass prod

39、uced by mechanically fracturing larger pieces of glass.cumulative fraction leached, nin leach tests, the sum of the amounts of a species leached during all leaching intervals dividedby the amount of that species originally present in the sample.curie (Ci), T1the original unit of measure for activity

40、, defined as 3.7 1010 transformations per second.debris waste, nin nuclear waste management in the U.S., solid material exceeding a 60 mm particle size that is intended fordisposal.DISCUSSIONAdditionally, the solid material is a manufactured object, or plant, or animal matter, or natural geologic ma

41、terial.devitrified glass, nan initially homogenous or phase separated glass, or both, that has partially crystallized during cooling, heattreatment, or both.determination, nthe process of carrying out a series of operations specified in the test method whereby a single value isobtained.diffusion coe

42、fficient, D, L2T1, nin diffusion modeling, an intrinsic property of a species in a host matrix that relates (1) itsconcentration gradient to its flux (Ficks first law), (2) its spatial rate of change in the direction of the concentration gradient tothe time rate of change in its concentration (Ficks

43、 second law), or (3) its mean square displacement to time (The Einsteinsequation).disposal, nin high-level radioactive waste management, the emplacement in a geologic repository of high-level radioactivewaste, spent nuclear fuel, or other highly radioactive material with no foreseeable intent of rec

44、overy, whether or not suchemplacement permits the recovery of such waste.dissolution, nfor leach tests on solids, the result of reactions in which chemical bonds are broken and species are released froma solid material and become solvated in the test solution.dose equivalent, L2 T-2, na measure of t

45、he biological effects of radiation dose from all types of radiation expressed on acommon scale.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for dose equivalent is the sievert (Sv), which is equal to 100 rem (specialized unit for human dose equivalent). Radiation dose equivalentis often expressed in terms of microsieverts

46、(Sv) or millirem (mrem).dose rate, L2 T3, na quantity of absorbed dose received in a given unit of time.dry cask storage system (DCSS), nin nuclear waste management, a set of components that performs the functions ofconfinement, radiological shielding, and physical protection of spent nuclear fuel d

47、uring normal, off-normal, and accidentconditions.DISCUSSIONExamples include canister-based systems with their metal or concrete overpack or vault, or an integrated cask.drying, nin waste management, removal by evaporation of uncombined water or other volatile substances from a raw materialor product

48、, usually expedited by low-temperature heating.effective diffusion coefficient (effective diffusivity), De, L2T1, nin diffusion modelling, the value of the diffusion coefficientof a species in a host matrix that includes the effects of other processes (for example, adsorption) or physical constraint

49、s (forexample, tortuosity and constrictivity) and which may not be known independently.DISCUSSIONThe value of De is a function of temperature.electro-mechanical manipulator (E/M), na remotely operated handling and lifting device, in which the various motions andfunctions are driven by electric motors or actuators.C859 14b4DISCUSSIONAn E/M is generally used in a hot cell or similar facility on objects that are too heavy to handle with master-slave manipulators. It can be mountedo