ASTM C859-2014a Standard Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials《关于核材料的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: C859 14C859 14aStandard Terminology Relating toNuclear Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe

2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definitions, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acronymsand symbols specifically associat

3、ed with standards under the jurisdiction of Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Thisterminology may also be applicable to documents not under the jurisdiction of Committee C26, in which case this terminology maybe referenced in those documents.2. Terminologyabsorbed dose, D, L2 T-2, nabsorbed dose

4、is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass of specifiedmaterial.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), defined as 1 J/kg.abundance sensitivity, nin methods of chemical analysis, the ratio of the ion beam intensity of the major isotope, M, to thebackground cur

5、rent at the adjacent mass positions.Abundance sensitivity5ion current at mass Mion current at M61 (1)accelerated test, nfor the prediction of long term behavior of materials, a test that results in an increase either in the rate of analteration mode or in the extent of reaction progress, when compar

6、ed with expected service conditions.DISCUSSIONChanges in the expected alteration mechanism (s) caused by the accelerated test conditions, if any, must be accounted for in the use of the acceleratedtest data.accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a measurement result and an accepted reference.

7、 (E170)activity, A, T1, nthe measure of the rate of spontaneous nuclear transformations of a radioactive material. The SI unit foractivity is the becquerel (Bq), defined as one transformation per second. The original unit for activity was the curie (Ci), definedas 3.7 1010 transformations per second

8、.alpha radiation, nis the spontaneous emission of an alpha particle, composed of two protons and two neutrons with a positivecharge of plus two, during the nuclear transformation process.DISCUSSIONAn alpha particle is the same as a helium-4 atom with no electrons.alteration, nany change in the form,

9、 state, or properties of materials.alteration layer, nin materials interaction with water, a layer of alteration phases at the surface of the specimen.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.01 on E

10、ditorial andTerminology.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014June 15, 2014. Published February 2014July 2014. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20132014 asC859 13a.C859 14. DOI: 10.1520/C0859-14.10.1520/C0859-14a.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended onl

11、y to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versi

12、onof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1DISCUSSIONSeveral distinct layers may form at the surface and within cracks in the material. Layers may b

13、e composed of discrete crystallites.alteration mechanism, nthe series of fundamental chemical or physical processes by which alteration occurs.alteration mode, nfor the prediction of long-term behavior of materials, a particular form of alteration, for example: generalcorrosion, localized corrosion.

14、alteration phase, nin materials interactions with their environment, a solid phase formed as a result of material interactions, thatreplaces some amount of the original phase; may form by precipitation from solution of in-situ transformation of a chemicallyaltered solid.alteration product, nsee alte

15、ration phase.aluminum-based spent nuclear fuel, nirradiated nuclear fuel or target elements or assemblies, or both, that are clad inaluminum or aluminum-rich alloys.DISCUSSIONThe microstructures contain a continuous aluminum-rich matrix with fissile-rich particles dispersed in this matrix.aluminum-b

16、ased spent nuclear fuel form or waste form, nany metallic form produced from aluminum-based spent nuclearfuel and having a microstructure containing a continuous aluminum-rich matrix with uranium-rich particles dispersed in thismatrix.DISCUSSIONThis term may include the fuel itself or the product fr

17、om the melt-dilute process.analog, nfor the prediction of long term behavior of materials, a material, process, or system whose composition, andenvironmental history are sufficiently similar to those anticipated for the materials, processes, or systems of interest to permituse of insight gained rega

18、rding its condition or behavior to be applied to the material, process, or system of interest.analysis (physical or chemical), nthe determination of physical or chemical properties or composition of a material.analyte, nin method of chemical analysis, a sample component whose presence and concentrat

19、ion is of interest.analytical sample, na portion of a material (solid, liquid, or gas) used in chemical, physical, or radiological analysis.annealing, nin glass leach tests, a controlled cooling process for glass designed to reduce thermal residual stress to an acceptablelevel, and, in some cases, m

20、odify structure.artificial aging, nany short time treatment that is designed to duplicate or simulate the material/property changes that normallyoccur after prolonged exposure and radioactive decay.attribute test, nfor the prediction of long-term behavior of materials, a test conducted to provide ma

21、terial property data that arerequired as input to behavior models, but are not themselves responses to the environment, such as density, thermal conductivity,mechanical properties, radionuclide content of waste forms, and so forth.back-reaction, nreaction between dissolved components and a material

22、to re-form bonds that are broken during dissolution ofthis material.becquerel (Bq), T1, nthe SI unit of measure for activity, defined as one transformation per second.beta radiation, nan electron that was generated in the atomic nucleus during decay and has a negative charge of one.bias of a measure

23、ment process, na consistent or systematic difference between a set of test results obtained from the processwhen measuring a property, and the accepted reference value of the property being measured.bounding model, nfor the prediction of long term behavior of materials, a model that yields values fo

24、r dependent variables oreffects that are expected to be either always greater than or always less than those expected for the variables or effects to bebounded.calcine, vto fire or heat a granular or particulate solid at less than fusion temperature but sufficiently to remove most of itschemically c

25、ombined volatile matter (for example, H2O, CO2) and otherwise to develop the desired properties for use.canyon, nin the nuclear industry, a long, narrow, remotely operated, radiological facility.C859 14a2DISCUSSIONA large, heavily-shielded facility where nuclear material is processed or stored.chemi

26、cal durability, nin leach tests, the resistance of a material to alteration, dissolution, and release of its constituents, underthe specific conditions of the test.chemisorbed water, nin the drying of spent nuclear fuel, water that is bound to other species by forces whose energy levelsapproximate t

27、hose of chemical bounds.closed system, nin leach tests, a system utilizing a test container that is impervious to material transport.confinement, nin a dry cask storage system (DCSS) for spent nuclear fuel in the U.S., the ability of a DCSS to prevent therelease of radioactive substances into the en

28、vironment.confinement systems, nin a dry cask storage system (DCSS) for spent nuclear fuel in the U.S., the assembly of components ofthe packaging intended to retain the radioactive material during storage.DISCUSSIONThese may include the cladding, storage system shell, bottom and lid, penetration co

29、vers, the closure welds or seals, and bolts and other components.confirmation test, nfor the prediction of long term behavior of materials, a test for which results are not used in the initialdevelopment of a model or the determination of parameter values for a model but are used for comparison with

30、 predictions ofthat model for model validation.continuing calibration blank check solution (CCB)in methods of chemical analysis, a standard solution that has no analyteand is used to verify blank response and freedom from carryover.continuing calibration verification check solution (CCV)in methods o

31、f chemical analysis, a standard solution (or set ofsolutions) used to verify freedom from excessive instrument drift; the concentration is to be near the midrange of a linear curve.continuous flow, nfor leach tests, the continual replacement of solution in the reaction cell with fresh test solution.

32、control test, nfor leach tests, test conducted without a specimen to measure background concentrations in the leachant andcontamination from interactions between test solution and apparatus.corrosion product, nfor aluminum-based spent fuel storage or disposal, an ion or compound formed during the in

33、teraction ofthe aluminum-based spent nuclear fuel with its storage or disposal environment.DISCUSSIONThe corrosion product may be the result of aqueous corrosion, oxidation, reaction with moist air, or other types of chemical or electrochemicalinteractions.CRUD, acrin nuclear waste management, depos

34、its on fuel surfaces of corrosion products that circulate in the reactor coolant.DISCUSSIONCompositions reflect materials exposed to coolant and activation products formed during irradiation.crushed glass, nin a glass leach test, small particles of glass produced by mechanically fracturing larger pi

35、eces of glass.cumulative fraction leached, nin leach tests, the sum of the amounts of a species leached during all leaching intervals dividedby the amount of that species originally present in the sample.curie (Ci), T1the original unit of measure for activity, defined as 3.7 1010 transformations per

36、 second.debris waste, nin nuclear waste management in the U.S., solid material exceeding a 60 mm particle size that is intended fordisposal.DISCUSSIONAdditionally, the solid material is a manufactured object, or plant, or animal matter, or natural geologic material.C859 14a3devitrified glass, nan in

37、itially homogenous or phase separated glass, or both, that has partially crystallized during cooling, heattreatment, or both.determination, nthe process of carrying out a series of operations specified in the test method whereby a single value isobtained.diffusion coefficient, D, L2T1, nin diffusion

38、 modeling, an intrinsic property of a species in a host matrix that relates (1) itsconcentration gradient to its flux (Ficks first law), (2) its spatial rate of change in the direction of the concentration gradient tothe time rate of change in its concentration (Ficks second law), or (3) its mean sq

39、uare displacement to time (The Einsteinsequation).disposal, nin high-level radioactive waste management, the emplacement in a geologic repository of high-level radioactivewaste, spent nuclear fuel, or other highly radioactive material with no foreseeable intent of recovery, whether or not suchemplac

40、ement permits the recovery of such waste.dissolution, nfor leach tests on solids, the result of reactions in which chemical bonds are broken and species are released froma solid material and become solvated in the test solution.dose equivalent, L2 T-2, na measure of the biological effects of radiati

41、on dose from all types of radiation expressed on acommon scale.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for dose equivalent is the sievert (Sv), which is equal to 100 rem (specialized unit for human dose equivalent). Radiation dose equivalentis often expressed in terms of microsieverts (Sv) or millirem (mrem).dose rat

42、e, L2 T3, na quantity of absorbed dose received in a given unit of time.dry cask storage system (DCSS), nin nuclear waste management, a set of components that performs the functions ofconfinement, radiological shielding, and physical protection of spent nuclear fuel during normal, off-normal, and ac

43、cidentconditions.DISCUSSIONExamples include canister-based systems with their metal or concrete overpack or vault, or an integrated cask.drying, nin waste management, removal by evaporation of uncombined water or other volatile substances from a raw materialor product, usually expedited by low-tempe

44、rature heating.effective diffusion coefficient (effective diffusivity), De, L2T1, nin diffusion modelling, the value of the diffusion coefficientof a species in a host matrix that includes the effects of other processes (for example, adsorption) or physical constraints (forexample, tortuosity and co

45、nstrictivity) and which may not be known independently.DISCUSSIONThe value of De is a function of temperature.electro-mechanical manipulator (E/M), na remotely operated handling and lifting device, in which the various motions andfunctions are driven by electric motors or actuators.DISCUSSIONAn E/M

46、is generally used in a hot cell or similar facility on objects that are too heavy to handle with master-slave manipulators. It can be mountedon a crane bridge, wall, pedestal, or ceiling.finite cylinder (finite medium), nin diffusion modelling, a bounded body for which Ficks diffusion equation can b

47、e solved.forward glass dissolution rate, MT1, nin glass dissolution, the rate at which the glass dissolves into solution at specific valuesof temperature and pH in the absence of back reactions.gamma radiation, nhigh energy, short wavelength electromagnetic radiation which originates from the atomic

48、 nucleus.photonsemitted by nuclei during transitions from one nuclear excitation state to a lower-energy state (or to the ground state).DISCUSSIONC859 14a4Gamma radiation often accompanies particle emissions associated with radioactive decay. Gamma radiation has no electrical charge.geologic reposit

49、ory, nin high-level radioactive waste management, a system which is used for, or may be used for, the disposalof radioactive waste in excavated geologic media.DISCUSSIONAgeologic repository includes the geologic repository operations area, and the portion of the geologic setting that provides isolation of the radioactivewaste.getter, nin nuclear waste management, a material (typically a solid), used to chemicaly react with certain gases (for example,H2, O2, H2O vapor) to