ASTM C859-2013a Standard Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials《与核材料相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: C859 13aStandard Terminology Relating toNuclear Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind

2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definitions,descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acro-nyms and symbols specifically associated wit

3、h standards underthe jurisdiction of Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Thisterminology may also be applicable to documents not under thejurisdiction of Committee C26, in which case this terminologymay be referenced in those documents.2. Terminologyabsorbed dose, D, L2T-2, nabsorbed dose is the me

4、anenergy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass ofspecified material.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), definedas 1 J/kg.abundance sensitivity, nin methods of chemical analysis,the ratio of the ion beam intensity of the major isotope, M,to the background current at the

5、adjacent mass positions.Abundance sensitivity 5ion current at mass Mion current at M61(1)accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a measure-ment result and an accepted reference. (E170)activity, A, T1, nthe measure of the rate of spontaneousnuclear transformations of a radioactive material. The

6、 SI unitfor activity is the becquerel (Bq), defined as one transfor-mation per second. The original unit for activity was thecurie (Ci), defined as 3.7 1010transformations per second.alpha radiation, nis the spontaneous emission of an alphaparticle, composed of two protons and two neutrons with apos

7、itive charge of plus two, during the nuclear transforma-tion process.DISCUSSIONAn alpha particle is the same as a helium-4 atom withno electrons.alteration, nany change in the form, state, or properties ofmaterials.alteration layer, nin materials interaction with water,alayer of alteration phases at

8、 the surface of the specimen.DISCUSSIONSeveral distinct layers may form at the surface andwithin cracks in the material. Layers may be composed of discretecrystallites.alteration mechanism, nthe series of fundamental chemicalor physical processes by which alteration occurs.alteration mode, nfor the

9、prediction of long-term behaviorof materials, a particular form of alteration, for example:general corrosion, localized corrosion.alteration phase, nin materials interactions with theirenvironment, a solid phase formed as a result of materialinteractions, that replaces some amount of the originalpha

10、se; may form by precipitation from solution of in-situtransformation of a chemically altered solid.alteration product, nsee alteration phase.analysis (physical or chemical), nthe determination ofphysical or chemical properties or composition of a material.analyte, nin method of chemical analysis, a

11、sample compo-nent whose presence and concentration is of interest.analytical sample, na portion of a material (solid, liquid, orgas) used in chemical, physical, or radiological analysis.back-reaction, nreaction between dissolved componentsand a material to re-form bonds that are broken duringdissolu

12、tion of this material.becquerel (Bq), T1, nthe SI unit of measure for activity,defined as one transformation per second.beta radiation, nan electron that was generated in theatomic nucleus during decay and has a negative charge ofone.bias of a measurement process, na consistent or systematicdifferen

13、ce between a set of test results obtained from theprocess when measuring a property, and the accepted refer-ence value of the property being measured.canyon, nin the nuclear industry, a long, narrow, remotelyoperated, radiological facility.DISCUSSIONA large, heavily-shielded facility where nuclear m

14、ate-rial is processed or stored.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.01 on Editorial andTerminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 1977. Last previ

15、ous edition approved in 2013 as C859 13. DOI: 10.1520/C0859-13a.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1chemical durability, nin leach tests, the resistance of amaterial to alteration, dissolution, and release of itsconstituen

16、ts, under the specific conditions of the test.closed system, nin leach tests, a system utilizing a testcontainer that is impervious to material transport.continuing calibration blank check solution (CCB)inmethods of chemical analysis, a standard solution that has noanalyte and is used to verify blan

17、k response and freedomfrom carryover.continuing calibration verification check solution(CCV)in methods of chemical analysis, a standard solu-tion (or set of solutions) used to verify freedom fromexcessive instrument drift; the concentration is to be near themidrange of a linear curve.continuous flow

18、, nfor leach tests, the continual replacementof solution in the reaction cell with fresh test solution.control test, nfor leach tests, test conducted without aspecimen to measure background concentrations in theleachant and contamination from interactions between testsolution and apparatus.crushed g

19、lass, nin a glass leach test, small particles of glassproduced by mechanically fracturing larger pieces of glass.cumulative fraction leached, nin leach tests, the sum of theamounts of a species leached during all leaching intervalsdivided by the amount of that species originally present inthe sample

20、.curie (Ci), T1the original unit of measure for activity,defined as 3.7 1010transformations per second.devitrified glass, nan initially homogenous or phase sepa-rated glass, or both, that has partially crystallized duringcooling, heat treatment, or both.determination, nthe process of carrying out a

21、series ofoperations specified in the test method whereby a singlevalue is obtained.diffusion coefficient, D, L2T1, nin diffusion modeling,anintrinsic property of a species in a host matrix that relates (1)its concentration gradient to its flux (Ficks first law), (2) itsspatial rate of change in the

22、direction of the concentrationgradient to the time rate of change in its concentration(Ficks second law), or (3) its mean square displacement totime (The Einsteins equation).dissolution, nfor leach tests on solids, the result of reac-tions in which chemical bonds are broken and species arereleased f

23、rom a solid material and become solvated in thetest solution.dose equivalent, L2T-2, na measure of the biologicaleffects of radiation dose from all types of radiation expressedon a common scale.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for dose equivalent is the sievert (Sv),which is equal to 100 rem (specialized unit

24、for human dose equivalent).Radiation dose equivalent is often expressed in terms of microsieverts(Sv) or millirem (mrem).dose rate, L2T3, na quantity of absorbed dose received ina given unit of time.effective diffusion coefficient (effective diffusivity), De,L2T1, nin diffusion modelling, the value

25、of the diffusioncoefficient of a species in a host matrix that includes theeffects of other processes (for example, adsorption) orphysical constraints (for example, tortuosity and constrictiv-ity) and which may not be known independently.DISCUSSIONThe value of Deis a function of temperature.electro-

26、mechanical manipulator (E/M), na remotely oper-ated handling and lifting device, in which the variousmotions and functions are driven by electric motors oractuators.DISCUSSIONAn E/M is generally used in a hot cell or similar facilityon objects that are too heavy to handle with master-slave manipulat

27、ors.It can be mounted on a crane bridge, wall, pedestal, or ceiling.finite cylinder (finite medium), nin diffusion modelling,abounded body for which Ficks diffusion equation can besolved.forward glass dissolution rate, MT1, nin glassdissolution, the rate at which the glass dissolves into solutionat

28、specific values of temperature and pH in the absence ofback reactions.gamma radiation, nhigh energy, short wavelength electro-magnetic radiation which originates from the atomicnucleus.DISCUSSIONGamma radiation often accompanies particle emissionsassociated with radioactive decay. Gamma radiation ha

29、s no electricalcharge.glass-ceramic, na solid material composed of both crystal-line and glassy phases.gray (Gy), L2T-2, na gray is the SI unit of absorbed dose(1 J/kg).high density concrete, na concrete having a density greaterthan 2400 kg per cubic meter (150 lb per cubic foot).homogeneous glass,

30、na glass that is a single amorphousphase; a glass that is not separated into multiple amorphousphases.incremental fraction leached, nin leach tests, the amount ofa species leached during a single leaching interval divided bythe amount of that species in the test specimen before thetest.initial calib

31、ration verification check solution (ICV)inmethods of chemical analysis, a standard solution (or a set ofstandard solutions) used to verify calibration standard levels;the concentration of analyte is to be near mid-range of thelinear curve that is made from a stock solution having adifferent manufact

32、urer or manufacturer lot identification thanthe calibration standards.intrinsic dissolution rate, MT1, nin glass dissolution, thecomponent of the forward dissolution rate that depends onlyon the glass composition.C859 13a2leach test, nfor waste forms, a generic term for a test inwhich a solid materi

33、al is contacted by a liquid, and therelease of constituents from the material into the liquid ismeasured.leachant, nin leach tests, general term for the initial solutionwith which a solid is contacted and into which the soliddissolves or is leached.leached layer, nin leach tests, residual material a

34、t thespecimen surface from which some or all soluble compo-nents have leached.leaching interval, nin leach tests, the length of time duringwhich a given volume of leachant is in contact with thespecimen before being removed for analysis and replaced byfresh leachant.leaching mechanism, nthe set of p

35、rocesses that controls thetransport of a species out of a specimen during leaching.linear range check solution (LRS)in methods of chemicalanalysis, a solution containing known concentrations of theanalytes that is used to determine the upper limit of the linearrange.mass bias or fractionation, nin m

36、ethods of chemicalanalysis, the deviation of the observed or measured isotoperatio from the true ratio as a function of the difference inmass between the two isotopes.master-slave manipulator (MSM), na device to remotelyhandle items, tools, or radioactive material in a hot cell.DISCUSSIONThe operato

37、r controls the master and the follower orslave replicates its movements to handle the material in the hot cell. Themechanical connection between the master and the follower is madewith metal tapes or cables. MSMs typically have lifting capacities of 9to 23 kg (20 to 50 lb).mockup, nin nuclear applic

38、ations, a structure, utilities,components, and systems used to represent the physicalenvironment of a radiological facility in a non-radiologicalsetting.DISCUSSIONMockups are typically full scale representations used toassure proper clearances, accessibility, visibility, maintainability,performance,

39、 or operability of items to be subsequently installed in aradiological environment.moderator, nin the nuclear industry, a material whichefficiently slows neutrons without absorbing them.DISCUSSIONIn general, materials containing large amounts of lowatomic weight materials, such as hydrogen, are high

40、ly moderating.Examples of moderators include water, graphite, oil, paraffin wax,organic solvents, and polyethylene or other polymers.neutron radiation, nthe emission of neutrons from theatomic nucleus.DISCUSSIONNeutrons have an atomic mass slightly heavier than aproton, but have no electrical charge

41、.on-peak spectral interference correction, nadjustmentsmade in observed net intensity of peak interest to compen-sate for error introduced by spectral interferences.open system, nin leach tests, a system utilizing a testcontainer through which material transport is possible, forexample O2or CO2diffu

42、sion, or both.phase-separated glass, na glass composed of more than oneamorphous phase.pulsed flow, nin flow-through leach tests, the replacement ofsolution in a reaction cell with fresh test solution due to theregular periodic action of a mechanical pump.DISCUSSIONExcludes manual replacement of the

43、 test solution.quench standard curve, nin methods of radiochemicalanalysis, a relationship between sample quench and detec-tion efficiency. A quench curve for an isotope in a givencocktail and vial combination is developed by counting aseries of standards containing the same activity of thatisotope,

44、 but each with different quench. Sample quench istypically quantified by variety of parameters.rad, L2T2, na unit of measure of radiation absorbed dose.See absorbed dose.radiation, nin the nuclear industry, the emission that occurswhen a nucleus undergoes radioactive decay.DISCUSSIONThe emitted radi

45、ation types may include alphaparticles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons.radiation shielding window, nan optically transparent as-sembly that provides a means for viewing into a hot cell orother shielded facility and shields the operator from radia-tion.radiation streaming, na term used to d

46、escribe the phenom-enon in which beams of radiation escape from an inad-equately shielded area.reference leach test, nin leach tests, a leach test conductedunder defined conditions with a specific material andleachant.DISCUSSIONThe results of a reference leach test are used as astandard against whic

47、h the results of leach tests performed in the sameconditions with other materials are compared.roentgen (R), M-1TI, na unit of measure for radiationexposure. It is equivalent to 2.58 10-4coulomb perkilogram of air.roentgen equivalent man (rem), M-1TI, na measure ofthe damaging effects of ionizing ra

48、diation to man. See doseequivalent.semi-dynamic leach test, nin leach tests, a leach test methodin which a specimen is exposed to fresh leachant on aperiodic schedule.semi-infinite medium, nin diffusion theory, a body having asingle planar surface and extending indefinitely in thedirections parallel

49、 to the surface and in one direction normalto the surface.sequential flow injection, nin methods of chemical analysis,an automated non-chromatographic flow analysis techniquefor concentrating the analytes and separating them fromsample components by reproducibly and sequentially ma-nipulating flow of sample and reagents through a column ofsorbent material.C859 13a3sievert (Sv), L2T-2, nthe SI unit of measure for doseequivalent to humans.DISCUSSIONOne