ASTM C805 C805M-2013a Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete《硬化混凝土回弹指数的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: C805/C805M 13aStandard Test Method forRebound Number of Hardened Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C805/C805M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num

2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of a reboundnumber of hardened concrete using a spring-driven steelhammer.1.2 The values stated

3、 in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This

4、 standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents

5、2.1 ASTM Standards:2C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell H

6、ardness of Metallic Ma-terials3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology C125.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A steel hammer impacts, with a predetermined amountof energy, a metal plunger in contact with a concrete surface.Either the dista

7、nce that the hammer rebounds is measured orthe hammer speeds before and after impact are measured. Thetest result is reported as a dimensionless rebound number.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is applicable to assess the in-placeuniformity of concrete, to delineate variations in concreteq

8、uality throughout a structure, and to estimate in-place strengthif a correlation is developed in accordance with 5.4.5.2 For a given concrete mixture, the rebound number isaffected by factors such as moisture content of the test surface,the type of form material or type of finishing used in construc

9、-tion of the surface to be tested, vertical distance from thebottom of a concrete placement, and the depth of carbonation.These factors need to be considered in interpreting reboundnumbers.5.3 Different instruments of the same nominal design maygive rebound numbers differing from 1 to 3 units. There

10、fore,tests should be made with the same instrument in order tocompare results. If more than one instrument is to be used,perform comparative tests on a range of typical concretesurfaces so as to determine the magnitude of the differences tobe expected in the readings of different instruments.5.4 Rel

11、ationships between rebound number and concretestrength that are provided by instrument manufacturers shall beused only to provide indications of relative concrete strength atdifferent locations in a structure. To use this test method toestimate strength, it is necessary to establish a relationshipbe

12、tween strength and rebound number for a given concrete andgiven apparatus (see Note 1). Establish the relationship bycorrelating rebound numbers measured on the structure withthe measured strengths of cores taken from correspondinglocations (see Note 2). At least two replicate cores shall betaken fr

13、om at least six locations with different reboundnumbers. Select test locations so that a wide range of reboundnumbers in the structure is obtained. Obtain, prepare, and testcores in accordance with Test Method C42/C42M.Iftherebound number if affected by the orientation of the instrumentduring testin

14、g, the strength relationship is applicable for thesame orientation as used to obtain the correlation date (seeNote 3). Locations where strengths are to be estimated usingthe developed correlation shall have similar surface texture andshall have been exposed to similar conditions as the locations1Thi

15、s test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.64 on Nondestructive and In-Place Testing.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2013. Published January 2014. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edi

16、tion approved in 2013 as C805 13. DOI:10.1520/C0805_C0805M-13a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websit

17、e.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1where correlation cores were taken. The functionality of therebound hammer shall have been verified in accordance with6

18、.4 before making the correlation measurements.NOTE 1SeeACI 228.1R3for additional information on developing therelationship and on using the relationship to estimate in-place strength.NOTE 2The use of molded test specimens to develop a correlationmay not provide a reliable relationship because the su

19、rface texture anddepth of carbonation of molded specimens are not usually representativeof the in-place concrete.NOTE 3The use of correction factors to account for instrumentorientation may reduce the reliability of strength estimates if the correla-tion is developed for a different orientation than

20、 used for testing.5.5 This test method is not suitable as the basis for accep-tance or rejection of concrete.6. Apparatus6.1 Rebound Hammer, consisting of a spring-loaded steelhammer that, when released, strikes a metal plunger in contactwith the concrete surface. The spring-loaded hammer musttravel

21、 with a consistent and reproducible speed. The reboundnumber is based on the rebound distance of the hammer afterit impacts the plunger, or it is based on the ratio of the hammerspeed after impact to the speed before impact. Reboundnumbers based on these two measurement principles are notcomparable.

22、NOTE 4Several types and sizes of rebound hammers are commerciallyavailable to accommodate testing of various sizes and types of concreteconstruction.6.1.1 A means shall be provided to display the reboundnumber after each test.NOTE 5Methods of displaying rebound number include mechanicalsliders and e

23、lectronic displays. Instruments are available that will store therebound numbers, which can then be transferred to a computer foranalysis.6.1.2 The manufacturer shall supply rebound number cor-rection factors for instruments that require such a factor toaccount for the orientation of the instrument

24、during a test. Thecorrection factor is permitted to be applied automatically by theinstrument. The manufacturer shall keep a record of test dataused as the basis for applicable correction factors.6.2 Abrasive Stone, consisting of medium-grain texturesilicon carbide or equivalent material.6.3 Verific

25、ation Anvil, used to check the operation of therebound hammer.An instrument guide is provided to center therebound hammer over the impact area and keep the instrumentperpendicular to the anvil surface. The anvil shall be con-structed so that it will result in a rebound number of at least 75for a pro

26、perly operating instrument (see Note 6). The manu-facturer of the rebound hammer shall stipulate the type ofverification anvil to be used and shall provide the acceptablerange of rebound numbers for a properly operating instrument.The anvil manufacturer shall indicate how the anvil is to besupported

27、 for verification tests of the instrument, and shallprovide instructions for visual inspection of the anvil surfacefor surface wear.NOTE 6Asuitable anvil has included an approximately 150 mm 6 in.diameter by 150 mm 6 in. tall steel cylinder with an impact areahardened to an HRC hardness value of 64

28、to 68 as measured by TestMethods E18.6.4 VerificationRebound hammers shall be serviced andverified annually and whenever there is reason to question theirproper operation. Verify the functional operation of a reboundhammer using the verification anvil described in 6.3. Duringverification, support th

29、e anvil as instructed by the anvilmanufacturer.NOTE 7Typically, a properly operating rebound hammer and aproperly designed anvil should result in a rebound number of about 80.The anvil needs to be supported as stated by the anvil manufacturer toobtain reliable rebound numbers. Verification on the an

30、vil does notguarantee that the hammer will yield repeatable rebound numbers at otherpoints on the scale. At the users option, the rebound hammer can beverified at lower rebound numbers by using blocks of polished stonehaving uniform hardness. Some users compare several hammers onconcrete or stone su

31、rfaces encompassing the usual range of reboundnumbers encountered in the field.7. Test Area and Interferences7.1 Selection of Test SurfaceConcrete members to betested shall be at least 100 mm 4 in. thick and fixed within astructure. Smaller specimens must be rigidly supported. Avoidareas exhibiting

32、honeycombing, scaling, or high porosity. Donot compare test results if the form material against which theconcrete was placed is not similar (see Note 8). Troweledsurfaces generally exhibit higher rebound numbers thanscreeded or formed finishes. If possible, test structural slabsfrom the underside t

33、o avoid finished surfaces.7.2 Preparation of Test SurfaceA test area shall be at least150 mm 6 in. in diameter. Heavily textured, soft, or surfaceswith loose mortar shall be ground flat with the abrasive stonedescribed in 6.2. Smooth-formed or troweled surfaces do nothave to be ground prior to testi

34、ng (see Note 8). Do not compareresults from ground and unground surfaces. Remove freesurface water, if present, before testing.NOTE 8Where formed surfaces were ground, increases in reboundnumber of 2.1 for plywood formed surfaces and 0.4 for high-densityplywood formed surfaces have been noted.4Dry c

35、oncrete surfaces givehigher rebound numbers than wet surfaces. The presence of surfacecarbonation can also result in higher rebound numbers.5In cases of a thicklayer of carbonated concrete, it may be necessary to remove the carbon-ated layer in the test area, using a power grinder, to obtain rebound

36、numbers that are representative of the interior concrete. Data are notavailable on the relationship between rebound number and thickness ofcarbonated concrete. The user should exercise professional judgmentwhen testing carbonated concrete.7.3 Do not test frozen concrete.NOTE 9Moist concrete at 0 C 3

37、2 F or less may exhibit highrebound values. Concrete should be tested only after it has thawed. Thetemperatures of the rebound hammer itself may affect the reboundnumber. Rebound hammers at -18 C 0 F may exhibit rebound numbers3ACI 228.1R, “In-Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength,” AmericanCo

38、ncrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094,http:/www.concrete.org.4Gaynor, R. D., “In-Place Strength of ConcreteA Comparison of Two TestSystems,” and “Appendix to Series 193,” National Ready Mixed Concrete Assn.,TIL No. 272, November 1969.5Zoldners, N. G., “Calibration an

39、d Use of Impact Test Hammer,” Proceedings ,American Concrete Institute, Vol 54, August 1957, pp. 161165.C805/C805M 13a2reduced by as much as 2 or 3 units6.7.4 For readings to be compared, the direction of impact,horizontal, downward, upward, or at another angle, must be thesame or established correc

40、tion factors shall be applied to thereadings.7.5 Do not conduct tests directly over reinforcing bars withcover less than 20 mm 0.75 in.NOTE 10The location of reinforcement may be established usingreinforcement locators or metal detectors. Follow the manufacturersinstructions for proper operation of

41、such devices.8. Procedure8.1 Hold the instrument firmly so that the plunger isperpendicular to the test surface. Record the orientation of theinstrument with respect to horizontal to the nearest 45 degreeincrement. Use a positive angle if the instrument points upwardand a negative angle if it points

42、 downward with respect tohorizontal during testing (see Note 11). Gradually push theinstrument toward the test surface until the hammer impacts.After impact, maintain pressure on the instrument and, ifnecessary, depress the button on the side of the instrument tolock the plunger in its retracted pos

43、ition. Read and record therebound number to the nearest whole number. Take tenreadings from each test area. The distances between impactpoints shall be at least 25 mm 1 in., and the distance betweenimpact points and edges of the member shall be at least 50 mm2 in. Examine the impression made on the

44、surface afterimpact, and if the impact crushes or breaks through a near-surface air void disregard the reading and take another reading.NOTE 11Digital angle gages are available that can be attached to thebody of the instrument to allow quick measurement of the angle withrespect to horizontal. The re

45、corded orientation would be 0 degrees(horizontal), 645 degrees (inclined), or 690 (vertical). For example, if theinstrument points vertically down during a test, the angle would bereported as 90 degrees. If the angle is measured to be 55 degrees upwardfrom horizontal, the recorded angle to the neare

46、st 45 degree incrementwould be +45 degrees.9. Calculation9.1 Discard readings differing from the average of 10readings by more than 6 units and determine the average of theremaining readings. If more than 2 readings differ from theaverage by 6 units, discard the entire set of readings anddetermine r

47、ebound numbers at 10 new locations within the testarea.9.2 If necessary, apply the correction factor to the averagerebound number so that the rebound number is for a horizontalorientation of the hammer. Interpolation is permitted if correc-tions factors are not given for 645 degrees.10. Report10.1 R

48、eport the following information, if known, for eachtest area.10.1.1 General information:10.1.1.1 Date of testing,10.1.1.2 Air temperature and time of testing,10.1.1.3 Age of concrete, and10.1.1.4 Identification of test location in the concrete con-struction and the size of member tested.10.1.2 Infor

49、mation about the concrete:10.1.2.1 Mixture identification and type of coarseaggregate, and10.1.2.2 Specified strength of concrete.10.1.3 Description of test area:10.1.3.1 Surface characteristics (trowelled, screeded.formed),10.1.3.2 If applicable, type of form material used for testarea,10.1.3.3 If surface was ground and depth of grinding,10.1.3.4 If applicable, curing conditions, and10.1.3.5 Surface moisture condition (wet or dry).10.1.4 Hammer information:10.1.4.1 Hammer identification or serial number, and10.1.4.2 Date of hammer verific