ASTM C709-2006 Standard Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and Graphite《人造碳和石墨的相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: C 709 06An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toManufactured Carbon and Graphite1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year

2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.across (or against) grain, ndirection in a body withpreferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis a

3、lignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test.agglomerate, nin manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, composite particle containing a number ofgrains.anistropic nuclear graphite, ngraphite in which the isot-ropy ratio based on the value of the coefficient of thermalexpansion (255

4、00C) is greater than 1.15.ash, nin carbon and graphite technology, residue remainingafter oxidation of a carbon or graphite.binder, nsubstance, usually an organic material such as coaltar pitch or petroleum pitch, used to bond the coke or otherfiller material prior to baking.carbon, nelement, number

5、 6 of the periodic table of ele-ments, electronic ground state 1s22s22p2.carbon, nin carbon and graphite technology, artifact con-sisting predominantly of the element carbon and possessinglimited long range order.DISCUSSIONThe presence of limited long range order is usuallyassociated with low electr

6、ical and thermal conductivity and difficultmachinability when compared with graphite.carbon foam, nin carbon and graphite technology, porouscarbon product containing regularly shaped, predominantlyconcave, homogeneously dispersed cells which interact toform a three-dimensional array throughout a con

7、tinuummaterial of carbon, predominantly in the non-graphitic state.The final result is either an open or closed cell product.DISCUSSIONIn most foam, the cell wall thickness is less than halfthe average cell size.cell (bubble), nin carbon and graphite technology, singlesmall cavity formed by gaseous

8、displacement in a precursormaterial in its plastic state, and surrounded completely by itswalls when formed. Cells can be open or closed.DISCUSSIONAfter processing at high temperatures, the basic struc-ture of the cell will remain even as the material converts from a plasticstate to a rigid carbonac

9、eous structure. Hence, the term cell will applyto a carbon product.cell count, nin carbon and graphite technology, in closed-cell foams, number of cells aligned in one plane in one linearinch, as determined by stereoscopic image analysis.cell size, nin carbon and graphite technology, averagediameter

10、 of the cells in the final foam product.closed cell, nin carbon and graphite technology, cell totallyenclosed by its walls and hence not interconnected withother cells. A closed cell foam is a foam consisting predomi-nantly of closed cells.coke, ncarbonaceous solid produced from coal, petroleum,or o

11、ther materials by thermal decomposition with passagethrough a plastic pressive strength, nproperty of solid material thatindicates its ability to withstand a uniaxial compressive load.defect, nof a manufactured carbon or graphite product, anyirregularity in the chemistry, microstructure, or macrostr

12、uc-ture.defective, adjhaving flaws or dimensional deviations greaterthan acceptable for the intended use.electrographite, nin carbon and graphite technology, syn-onym for manufactured graphite.extruded, vformed by being forced through a shaping orificeas a continuous body.filler, nin manufactured ca

13、rbon and graphite product tech-nology, carbonaceous particles comprising the base aggre-gate in an unbaked green-mix formulation.flaw, ndefect sufficiently greater than those typical of themorphology of a carbon or graphite body to influence aproperty.flexural strength, nproperty of solid material t

14、hat indicatesits ability to withstand a flexural or transverse load.flow line, ndefect induced by discontinuous flow velocitiesduring forming of molded or extruded bodies.grade, ndesignation given a material by a manufacturer suchthat it is always reproduced to the same specificationsestablished by

15、the manufacturer.grain, nin manufactured (synthetic) carbon and graphite,particle of filler material (usually coke or graphite) in the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.F0 on Manufa

16、ctured Carbon and Graphite Products.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 70903a.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.starti

17、ng mix formulation. Also referred to as granular mate-rial, filler particle, or aggregate material. The term is alsoused to describe the general texture of a carbon or graphitebody, as in the descriptions listed below:coarse grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are substantially gre

18、ater than 4 mm in size.fine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mix thatare generally less than 100 m in size.medium grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 4 mm in size.microfine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less

19、 than 2 m in size.superfine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 50 m in size.ultrafine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 10 m in size.DISCUSSIONAll of the above descriptions relate to the generallyaccepted practice

20、 of measuring the sizing fractions with a criterion that90 % of the grains will pass through the stated screen size in a standardparticle sizing test.graphene layer, nin carbon and graphite technology, singlecarbon layer of the graphite structure, describing its natureby analogy to a polycyclic arom

21、atic hydrocarbon of quasi-infinite size.DISCUSSIONThe term graphite designates a modification of thechemical element carbon in which planar sheets of carbon atoms, eachatom bound to three neighbors in a honeycomb-like structure, arestacked in a three dimensional regular order. For a single layer, it

22、 is notcorrect to use the term graphite, which implies a three dimensionalstructure.graphite, nallotropic crystalline form of the element carbon,occurring as a mineral, commonly consisting of a hexagonalarray of carbon atoms (space group P 63/mmc) but alsoknown in a rhombohedral form (space group R

23、3m).graphite, nin carbon and graphite technology, materialconsisting predominantly of the element carbon and possess-ing extensive long-range three-dimensional crystallographicorder as determined by X-ray diffraction studies.DISCUSSIONThe presence of long-range order is usually accompa-nied with hig

24、h electrical and thermal conductivity within the hexagonalplane. This results in a material having relatively easy machinabilitywhen compared to non-graphitic materials. The use of the termgraphite without reporting confirmation of long-range crystallographicorder should be avoided as it can be misl

25、eading.graphite foam, nin carbon and graphite technology, porousgraphite product containing regularly shaped, predominantlyconcave, homogeneously dispersed cells which interact toform a three-dimensional array throughout a continuummaterial of carbon, predominantly in the graphitic state. Thefinal r

26、esult is either an open or closed cell product.DISCUSSIONIn most foam, the cell wall thickness is less than halfthe average cell size.graphitic, adjin carbon and graphite technology, all variet-ies of substances consisting predominantly of the elementcarbon in the allotropic form of graphite irrespe

27、ctive of thepresence of structural defects.DISCUSSIONThe use of the term graphitic is justified if three-dimensional hexagonal crystalline long-range order can be detected inthe material by X-ray diffraction methods, independent of the volumefraction and the homogeneity of distribution of such cryst

28、allinedomains. Otherwise, the term non-graphitic should be used.graphitizable carbon, nin carbon and graphite technology,non-graphitic carbon, which, upon graphitization, convertsinto graphitic carbon (also known as a soft carbon).graphitization, nin carbon and graphite technology, solid-state trans

29、formation of thermodynamically unstable non-graphitic carbon into graphite by thermal treatment.DISCUSSIONThe degree of graphitization is a measure of the extentof long-range 3D crystallographic order as determined by diffractionstudies only. The degree of graphitization affects many propertiessigni

30、ficantly, such as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity,strength, and stiffness.DISCUSSIONA common, but incorrect, use of the term graphitizationis to indicate a process of thermal treatment of carbon materials at T 2200C regardless of any resultant crystallinity. The use of the termgraphiti

31、zation without reporting confirmation of long range threedimensional crystallographic order determined by diffraction studiesshould be avoided, as it can be misleading.green carbon, nformed, but unfired carbon body.hard carbon, nsee non-graphitizable carbon.hardness, nresistance of a material to def

32、ormation, particu-larly permanent deformation, indentation, or scratching.impervious carbon, nsame as impervious graphite with theexception that the base stock has not been graphitized.impervious graphite, nmanufactured graphite that has beenimpregnated with a resinous material to make the final art

33、icleimpervious to liquids in the recommended operating range.impregnation, npartial filling of the open pore structurewith another material.isotropic, adjin carbon and graphite technology, having anisotropy ratio of 0.9 to 1.1 for a specific property of interest.isotropic nuclear graphite, ngraphite

34、 in which the isotropyratio based on the coefficient of thermal expansion(25500C) is 1.001.10.isotropy ratio, nin carbon and graphite technology, ratio ofa given property value in the against grain direction to itscorresponding value in the with grain direction (for example,the ratio of coefficients

35、 of thermal expansion).lamination, nline of demarcation or elongated void gener-ally parallel to the principal grain direction of a carbon orgraphite body.longitudinal sonic pulse, nsonic pulse in which the dis-placements are in the direction of propagation of the pulse.machinability, nmeasure of th

36、e ease with which a materialcan be shaped with the aid of cutting or abrasive tools.manufactured carbon, nbonded granular carbon bodywhose matrix has been subjected to a temperature typicallybetween 900 and 2400C.C709062manufactured graphite, nbonded granular carbon bodywhose matrix has been subject

37、ed to a temperature typicallyin excess of 2400C and whose matrix is thermally stablebelow that temperature.molded, vformed in a closed die by the application ofexternal pressure.natural graphite, nin carbon and graphite technology,material consisting predominantly of graphitic carbon,which forms in

38、the earths crust as the result of igneous ormetamorphic processes acting on carbonaceous materials.DISCUSSIONThe degree of crystalline perfection in these materialsmay vary. Natural graphite may contain significant quantities of ganguematerials, either attached to or intercalated with graphitic carb

39、on.nearisotropic nuclear graphite, ngraphite in which theisotropy based on the coefficient of thermal expansion(25500C) is 1.101.15.non-graphitizable carbon, nin carbon and graphite tech-nology, carbon which cannot be transformed into graphiticcarbon solely by heat treatment up to 3000C under inerta

40、tmosphere or reduced pressure (also known as a hardcarbon).open cell, nin carbon and graphite technology, cell that isnot totally enclosed in its walls and hence interconnectedwith other cells. An open-cell foam is a foam consistingpredominantly of open or connected cells.orientation (of a crystal),

41、 nangular position of a crystaldescribed by the angles which certain crystallographic axesmake with the frame of reference.orientation (of a grain), nangular position of a graindescribed by the angles which a defined set of axes of thegrain make with the stated frame of reference. Generallyused to c

42、haracterize the axis of the grain that has the largestphysical extent, for example, in a grain of needle coke.orientation (of an object), nangular position of an objectdescribed by the angles which a defined set of axes orsurfaces of the object make with the frame of reference.oxidation of carbon, n

43、chemical combination of carbon withoxygen or oxygen-containing compounds.particle sizing, vsegregation of granular material into speci-fied particle size ranges.penetration, ndepths to which one material extends into orpenetrates another.permeability, nproperty measured by the rate of passage ofa fl

44、uid under a pressure gradient through a material.pore, nsee void.pore, nin carbon and graphite technology, in a carbon orgraphite foam, passage that interconnects two cells.pore count, nin carbon and graphite technology, in open-cell foams, number of pores aligned in one plane in onelinear inch, as

45、determined by stereoscopic image analysis.porosity, npercentage of the total volume of a materialoccupied by both open and closed pores.preferred orientation, nin manufactured carbon andgraphite product technology, alignment in the crystal ordefect structure of a body leading to variations in physic

46、alproperties as a function of direction; normally referenced toan orthogonal system where one of the axes is the workingdirection.pulse travel time (Tt), ntotal time, measured in seconds,required for the sonic pulse to traverse the specimen beingtested, and for the associated electronic signals to r

47、everse thecircuits of the pulse-propogation circuitry.pyrolytic graphite, nin carbon and graphite technology,artifact consisting predominantly of graphite which wasdeposited as a solid on a hot surface by cracking of gaseousor liquid hydrocarbons.reactivity, nrate at which another material will form

48、 com-pounds with carbon or graphite.reticulated foam, nin carbon and graphite technology,foam with a ligamentous structure rather than a sphericalpore structure.soft carbon, nsee graphitizable carbon.surface finish, ngeometric irregularities in the surface of asolid material. Measurement of surface

49、finish shall notinclude inherent structural irregularities unless these are thecharacteristics being measured.tensile strength, nproperty of solid material that indicatesits ability to withstand a uniaxial tensile load.ultimate tensile strength, nhighest load attained during atensile test, converted to unit stress based on the originalcross-section area of the tensile test specimen.void, nunfilled space enclosed within an apparently solidcarbon or graphite body.with grain, n