ASTM B294-2010 Standard Test Method for Hardness Testing of Cemented Carbides《烧结碳化物硬度试验的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: B294 10Standard Test Method forHardness Testing of Cemented Carbides1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare

2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the hardness testing of ce-mented carbides by use of a Rockwell hardness tester perform-ing tests in the Rockwell HRA scale (

3、regular scale, diamondindenter, 10 kgf (98.07 N) preliminary test force, and 60 kgf(588.4 N) load) in the range of Rockwell 80 HRA and above.Also covered are the procedures for the testing and selection ofdiamond indenters, the management and traceability of the fourlevels of standardized test block

4、s, and the making and calibra-tion of Primary, Secondary, and Working standardized testblocks.1.2 The Rockwell hardness tester is a convenient andreliable means of measuring the hardness of cemented car-bides. A hardness value is obtained easily, but it is subject toconsiderable error unless certain

5、 precautions are observed.1.3 The latest version of Test Methods E18 shall be fol-lowed except where otherwise indicated in this test method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard except that force and length values associated with theRockwell hardness testers will comply wi

6、th E18 with forcevalues specified as N (kgf) and indenter length values specifiedas mm.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices

7、and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO/IEC

8、 17011 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Require-ments for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting ConformityAssessment BodiesISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibration Laboratories3. Significance and Use3.1 Rockwell hardness testing is one of the more importantmethods used

9、to evaluate cemented carbides. For composi-tional groups of cemented carbides, hardness is an indication ofwear resistance and toughness. Lower hardness grades usuallyindicate less wear resistance but greater toughness. For aspecific grade of cemented carbide, hardness is an indication ofthe metallu

10、rgical quality of the material. In no case is Rockwellhardness testing the only test method to be considered inevaluating cemented carbides.4. Apparatus4.1 TesterAll hardness tests shall be performed using aRockwell hardness tester that meets the requirements definedin the latest version of Test Met

11、hod E18 except whereotherwise indicated in this test method. Testers shall complywith the requirements of Annex A3 of this test method.4.2 ScaleAll tests shall be performed using the carbideRockwell HRA scale (a carbide diamond indenter, 10 kgf(98.07 N) preliminary force, and 60 kgf (588.4 N) total

12、testforce.4.3 Effect of VibrationThe Rockwell hardness testershould be located in a vibration-free area in order to avoiderroneous results. If this is not possible, the tester shall bemounted so as to minimize vibrations, since vibrations tend tocause erratic readings.4.4 IndenterThe indenters used

13、shall conform to therequirements defined in Annex A2 of this test method.4.5 AnvilsSelect an anvil suitable for the specimen to betested. The test piece should be supported rigidly, with the testsurface perpendicular to the line of travel of the indenter. Forthe best accuracy, flat test pieces shoul

14、d be tested on a flat spotanvil of approximately 6-mm diameter. The surface of the anvil1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on MetalPowders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee B09.06 on Cemented Carbides.Current edition approved M

15、ay 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as B294 09 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/B0294-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volum

16、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428

17、-2959, United States.that contacts the sample should have a Rockwell hardness of atleast 58 HRC, and shall be polished smooth and be free of pitsand heavy scratches that could affect the test results. Themounting surface of the anvil support and the mating surface ofthe anvil should be clean. Dust,

18、dirt, grease, or scale should notbe allowed to accumulate on any part of the apparatus, as thiswill affect the results. Seat the anvil securely.4.6 Test BlocksStandardized test blocks used to verify theperformance of the tester shall comply with the requirements inAnnex A1 of this test method.5. Tes

19、t Specimens5.1 Size of SpecimensA minimum thickness of 1.6 mm isrecommended. With thinner specimens, breakage may occur,resulting in damage to the anvil, the indenter, or both. Speci-mens that have enough overhang to cause imbalance shall besupported properly. The 6-mm anvil will support flat testsp

20、ecimens up to approximately 113 g and will also support thestandard test blocks recommended previously.5.2 Preparation of Test Specimens:5.2.1 The finish of the test surface is of major importance.The surface to be tested should be prepared to obtain aroughness of Ra#0.2 m.Acoarser finish will provi

21、de a widerrange of readings. Preparation shall be conducted in such a waythat alteration of the surface due to heat or cold-working isminimized. A 220-grit medium hardness resinoid bond dia-mond wheel, downfed 0.01 mm per pass with abundant flow ofcoolant, should provide the desired surface. The thi

22、ckness ofthe layer removed from an as-sintered surface to be tested shallbe not less than 0.2 mm.5.2.2 The test and anvil surfaces of the test specimen shallbe parallel within 0.01 mm/mm in general practice, but within0.001 mm/mm when critical comparisons are being made. Thesurface in contact with t

23、he anvil shall be free of any irregularity(for example, a previous hardness indentation). Taper thatresults in the test surface not being normal to the axis of theindenter, or irregularity that causes instability during the test,will result in error.5.2.3 When determining the hardness of a test spec

24、imenwith a curved surface, the radius of curvature shall not be lessthan 15 mm. If less, then a flat surface at least 3 mm wide shallbe prepared on which to conduct the test, and there shall be anopposite flat surface such that the specimen conforms to therequirements of 5.2 and 5.3. If the test sur

25、face is curved or theopposite surface must be supported in a V-anvil, the repeat-ability and reproducibility limits of 8.2 and 8.3 may not apply.5.3 Preparation of Mounted CarbidesRemove mountedcarbides from the steel body by heating or some otherconvenient method. All braze metal or other bond mate

26、rialshall be removed from both the test surface and the oppositeface. The specimen should then be prepared as described in 5.1and 5.2.6. Procedure6.1 Rockwell hardness tests should be carried out at anambient temperature within the limits of 10 to 35C. Users ofthe Rockwell hardness test are cautione

27、d that the temperatureof the test material and the temperature of the hardness testermay affect test results. Consequently, users should ensure thatthe test temperature does not adversely affect the hardnessmeasurement.6.2 Procedures that are not described in this test methodshall conform to those o

28、f Test Method E18.6.3 Disregard the first two readings after an indenter or anvilhas been newly mounted.6.4 Test Cycle Time6.4.1 The application time for the additional test force(major load) shall be 2 to 6 s.6.4.2 The total test force (major load) shall be maintainedfor2to4s.NOTE 1On manual machin

29、es, the abrupt actuation of the total testforce (major load) application trip lever may affect the hardness valueobtained. In addition the abrupt actuation of the total test force (majorload) removal lever may significantly affect the hardness value obtained.6.5 The Rockwell HRAhardness value is rea

30、d after the totaltest force (major load) has been removed and while thepreliminary test force (minor load) is still applied.6.6 Hardness should be read or estimated to at least thenearest 0.1 HRA. Calculations should be carried to twodecimal places.6.7 The distance between the centers of any two adj

31、acentindentations, and the distance between the center of anyindentation and the edge of a test specimen, shall be at least 1.5mm.6.8 Make two trial determinations of the hardness of the testspecimen. This action also reassures that the indenter is seatedproperly. Disregard the results and perform t

32、he following steps.6.8.1 Select a standardized test block that complies withAnnexA1 having a value closest to the trial hardness of the testspecimen. Determine the Rockwell HRA hardness at threepoints on the block.6.8.2 If the arithmetic mean of the three determinationsdiffers from the certified har

33、dness value of the standardized testblock by more than 60.5 HRA, check the diamond indenterand the testing equipment, and eliminate the cause of the error.Repeat the determinations.6.8.3 If the arithmetic mean of the three determinationsdiffers from the certified hardness value of the standardized t

34、estblock by 60.5 HRA or less, record the difference, giving dueregard to the algebraic sign. This difference will be used tocorrect the arithmetic mean of the hardness of the testspecimens.6.8.4 Determine the Rockwell HRA hardness of the testspecimen, with determinations at three or more locationsch

35、osen at random, or as dictated by the purpose of the test.6.8.5 Calculate the arithmetic mean of the hardness deter-minations. Apply the correction determined as in 6.8.3, givingdue regard to the algebraic sign.6.8.6 Report the corrected arithmetic mean of the hardnessdeterminations, rounded in acco

36、rdance with Practice E294tothe nearest 0.1 HRA.4When the second decimal place is less than 0.05, leave the first decimal placeunchanged. When the second decimal place is more than 0.05, increase the firstdecimal place by 0.1. When the second decimal place is exactly 5 and the firstdecimal place is o

37、dd, increase the first decimal by 0.1. If the first decimal place iseven, leave it unchanged.B294 1027. Report7.1 Report the following information:7.1.1 All details necessary for identification of the testspecimen,7.1.2 The corrected mean hardness and the amount ofcorrection including the algebraic

38、sign,7.1.3 The range of hardness determinations,7.1.4 The number of hardness determinations,7.1.5 The smallest division of readout or graduation of thehardness test machine and whether it is digital or analog,7.1.6 The identification and original source of calibrationfor the standardized test blocks

39、 used,7.1.7 A reference to this test method, and7.1.8 Details of any deviations from this test method, ofoptional procedures used, and of any conditions and occur-rences that may have affected the results.8. Precision and Bias58.1 The following statements regarding the repeatability andreproducibili

40、ty of hardness (HRA) measurements of cementedcarbide test specimens shall apply only within the hardnessrange established for the indenter in accordance with A2.3.4.5or A2.3.4.6.8.2 The repeatability limit (r) is 0.3 HRA. On the basis oftest error alone, the difference in absolute value of two testr

41、esults obtained in the same laboratory on the same testspecimen will be expected to exceed 0.3 HRA only approxi-mately 5 % of the time. The repeatability standard deviation(Sr) is 0.1 HRA.8.3 The reproducibility limit (R) between or among labora-tories is 0.4 HRA when each has calibrated its machine

42、,indenter, and operator system with a standard test block thathas itself been calibrated to the same superior test block usedto calibrate the test blocks of the other laboratories. On thebasis of test error alone, the difference in absolute value of thetest results obtained in different laboratories

43、 on the same testspecimen will be expected to exceed 0.4 HRA only approxi-mately 5 % of the time. The reproducibility standard deviation(SR) is 0.14 HRA.8.4 Neither the data of the interlaboratory study nor theo-retical considerations suggest a bias in this test procedure.8.5 If the test specimens a

44、re of a hardness substantiallyoutside the hardness ranges of the standard test blocks onwhich the indenter has been performance tested, and if inter-laboratory reproducibility is critical, the same indenter andstandard test blocks should be used by each laboratory.9. Keywords9.1 cemented carbides; h

45、ardness; indenters; Rockwell hard-ness test; Scale HRA; test blocksANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. PREPARATION, CALIBRATION, AND CONTROL OF STANDARDIZED TEST BLOCKS USED IN THE PERFORMANCEOF THE PROCEDURES OF THIS TEST METHODA1.1 Scope and Field of ApplicationA1.1.1 The Rockwell hardness levels of

46、 cemented carbidesare established by sets of Master test blocks that weredeveloped by the Cemented Carbide Producers Association(CCPA). This Annex specifies how those Master blocks areutilized to provide a traceable Rockwell hardness standard tothe user of this test method. It specifies the preparat

47、ion andcalibration of Primary, Secondary, and Working standard testblocks that are traceable to the Master blocks.A1.1.2 Standardized test blocks complying with this Annexare required for Rockwell hardness testing of cemented car-bides by the procedures defined in this test method.A1.1.3 The require

48、ments for marking and a verificationreport for the standardized test blocks will also be defined.A1.2 Hierarchy and Availability of Standardized TestBlocksA1.2.1 The Rockwell HRA scale hardness levels for ce-mented carbides are established and transferred by using aseries of standardized test blocks

49、. There are four levels ofstandardized test blocks: Master, Primary, Secondary, andWorking.A1.2.2 Master standardized test block sets were created bythe CCPA. (See ASTM Research Report RR:B09-1016.5)A1.2.3 To provide traceability to the Master standardizedtest blocks, the CCPA has released a set of the Masterstandardized test blocks to the authorized calibrating agency.Secondary standardized test blocks, and the calibration orrecalibration services for secondary standardized test blocks,5The statements of repeatability and reproducibility in this section are based onan