ASTM A504 A504M-2014 Standard Specification for Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels《锻造碳钢轮的标准规格》.pdf

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1、Designation: A504/A504M 08 (Reapproved 2013)A504/A504M 14Standard Specification forWrought Carbon Steel Wheels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A504/A504M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year

2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This specification covers one-wear, two-wear, and multiple-wear wrought carbon steel wheels for locomotives

3、 and cars,designated Classes L, A, B, and C, heat-treated, wheels.1.2 The service for which the various classes are intended is as follows:1.2.1 Class B or C wheels shall be used for freight cars in interchange service.1.2.2 Class B or C wheels are recommended for use on locomotives.1.2.3 For passen

4、ger car service, the various classes are intended generally as follows:1.2.3.1 Class LHigh speed with more severe braking conditions than other classes and light wheel loads.1.2.3.2 Class AHigh speed with more severe braking conditions, but moderate wheel loads.1.2.3.3 Class BHigh speed service with

5、 severe braking conditions and heavier wheel loads.1.2.3.4 Class C(1) Service with light braking conditions and heavier wheel loads.1.2.3.5 Class C(2) Service with heavier braking conditions where off-tread brakes are employed.1.3 The use of two-wear wheels is recommended for freight car service.1.3

6、 Supplemental requirements are provided for use where additional testing or additional restrictions are required by thepurchaser. Supplementary requirements included in Specification A788/A788M may also be specified by the purchaser for forgingsordered to this specification. Any supplemental require

7、ments apply only when specified in the purchase order.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables,the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each

8、system shallbe used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with thespecification.standard.1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-poundunits.1.6 This standard does

9、 not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standar

10、ds:2A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel ForgingsA388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel ForgingsE399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness KIc of Metallic MaterialsA788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements2.2

11、 SAE Documents:3SAE J 442 Test Strip, Holder and Gage for Shot PeeningSAE J 443 Recommended Practice for Procedures for Using Standard Shot Peening Test Strip1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibili

12、ty of Subcommittee A01.06on Steel Forgings and Billets.Current edition approved April 1, 2013May 1, 2014. Published April 2013May 2014. Originally approved in 1964 to replace A57 and A186. Last previous edition approvedin 20082013 as A504/A504M 08.A504/A504M 08 (2013). DOI: 10.1520/A0504_A0504M-08R1

13、3.10.1520/A0504_A0504M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from SAE International

14、(SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately d

15、epict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Internat

16、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1SAE J 827 Recommended Practice for Cast Steel ShotSAE J 2277 Shot Peening Coverage DeterminationAMS-2430 Shot Peening of Metal Parts2.3 Military Standard:MIL-S-13165B Shot Peening of Metal Parts42.3 AAR Standa

17、rd:4AAR M-107/M-208 Wheels, Carbon Steel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: (The following terminology is unique to the Rail Road industry).3.1.1 multi-wear wheel, nwheel that has sufficient metal in the rim for more than two turnings before it must be replaced.3.1.2 one wear wheel, nwheel that has only

18、sufficient metal for the tread to be worn once to condemnable worn hollowcondition.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThere is insufficient metal remaining in the rim to allow turning or truing of the wheel by machining to the standard tread contourand still have enough metal in the rim to support service loads. Wea

19、r refers to the amount of metal on the wheel rim when new.3.1.3 tape size, nrail road method of expressing wheel circumference based on measurement with a steel tape placed aroundthe tread at the taping line.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFor each wheel size there is a calibrated tape. Tape size is expressed as

20、the number of one-eighth increments from the standardtape for the wheel being measured. An AAR approved tape has four lugs to correctly space the tape from the rim so that the tapewill measure on the taping line. The tapeline is always 1 1116 in. from the gage point, which is how the tape gage was d

21、esigned.Some wheel profiles define the tapeline as 3 116 in. from the back rim face; this may not be correct.3.1.4 two-wear wheel, nwheel that has more metal in the rim than a one-wear wheel so that the tread can be worn tocondemnable hollow condition and then be restored by machining to the origina

22、l tread contour. Thus, two tread wear lives areobtained from this wheel.4. Ordering Information and General Requirements4.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which outlines basicordering information, manufacturing requirements, tes

23、ting and retesting methods, marking, certification, product analysisvariations, and additional supplementary requirements.4.1.1 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, therequirements of this specification shall prevail.4.2 Orders

24、for wheels under this specification shall include the following additional information as appropriate:4.2.1 Class (see Table 1),4.2.2 Full identification of wheel design, including tread and flange contour, and dimensional drawing if required,4.2.3 Rough bore size,4.2.4 Wear category,4.2.5 Alternate

25、 magnetic particle acceptance criteria (15.2.3.2),4.2.6 Intended service (see Section 1), and4.2.7 Supplementary requirements from this specification, if required.4.2.8 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M, if required.5. Chemical Requirements5.1 Heat Analysis5.1.1 The steel shal

26、l conform to the requirements for chemical composition shown in Table 1.6. Manufacture6.1 DiscardSufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to ensure freedom from piping and undue segregation.4 Available from Standardization Document Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelph

27、ia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4 Available from Association of American Railroads (AAR), 425 Third Street, SW, Washington, DC 20024, http:/www.aar.org.A504/A504M 1426.2 TemperaturesDuring the manufacture, necessary care in the regulation of temperature gradients shall be exercised toobtain the mecha

28、nical properties to be expected from the chemical composition and mechanical work. Immediately after the lasthot fabricating operation (coning or dishing), all wheels shall be allowed to cool to a temperature below the critical range. Thecooling shall be controlled to prevent injury by too rapid coo

29、ling.7. Heat Treatment7.1 Heat treatment shall consist of treatment of the rim only.7.2 Rim-Quenching TreatmentThe wheels shall be reheated uniformly to the proper temperature to refine the grain and thenthe rims shall be quenched. Following quenching, the wheels shall be charged into a furnace for

30、tempering to meet the requirementsof Section 13, and subsequently cooled under controlled conditions.8. Shot Peening8.1 ScopeThe plate surfaces (area between the hub and rim) of all wheels shall be shot-peened in accordance with thefollowing requirements:8.2 Requirements:8.2.1 ShotThe shot shall be

31、No. 550 or larger hardened steel as specified in SAE J 827.8.2.2 Shot Size ControlThe peening machines shall be equipped with a separator for continuously removing broken shot.Sufficient new shot shall be added to ensure that a minimum of 85 % of No. 550 or larger shot is maintained in the machines

32、atall times.8.2.3 Peening IntensityThe peening intensity shall be sufficient to produce an average arc height of not less than 0.008AlmenC-2 on the front plate near the hub fillet and on the back plate near the rim fillet of wheels of the standard design, and at back platehub fillet and front plate

33、rim fillet of the reverse plate design. The area to be peened is defined as the plate area extendedapproximately one half of the way into the hub and rim fillet radii on the front and on the back of the wheel.8.2.4 Arc Height MeasurementMeasurements of arc height shall be made in accordance with SAE

34、 J 442 or SAE J 443.8.2.5 CoverageThe minimum peening time shall be sufficient to ensure that full coverage is attained on the Almen C strip asdefined in the Alternate Procedure of SAE J 443, or MIL-S-13165B,AMS-2430, Paragraph 6.11.8.2.6 SequenceShot peening shall be performed on all wheels and aft

35、er any corrective surface preparation in the plate areaand after completion of required non destructive examinations. area. Plate area is defined in 8.2.3. Peening may be performed priorto dimensional inspection.inspection and nondestructive examination.8.2.7 Portable PeenersA portable peening devic

36、e may be used to re-peen small reconditioned areas (no larger than about 2by 3 in. 50 by 75 mm) on wheel plate surfaces excluding the critical fillet areas (front hub and back rim). The portable equipmentmust be capable of peening an Almen C-2 Strip to develop the required average arc height of not

37、less than 0.008 in. 0.203 mmwith a reasonable time of peening. Peening time of wheel plates must be at least as long as the time required to develop the0.008-in. arc height. The equipment must be tested on an Almen C Strip each 8-h shift that the portable peener is used. A recordof the Almen C test

38、results shall be maintained.8.3 Quality Assurance Provisions:8.3.1 Wheel Surface ConditionThe peened appearance of rim and hub shall not be cause for rejection.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElement % Class L Class A Class B Class CCarbon 0.47 max 0.47 0.57 0.57 0.67 0.67 0.77Manganese 0.60 0.90 0.60

39、0.90 0.60 0.90 0.60 0.90Phosphorous, max 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Sulfur 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.040Sulfur 0.0050.040 0.0050.040 0.0050.040 0.0050.040Silicon 0.15 1.00 0.15 1.00 0.15 1.00 0.15 1.00Nickel, maxA 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Chromium, maxA 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Molybdenum, maxA 0.

40、10 0.10 0.10 0.10Vanadium, maxA 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040Vanadium, maxA 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060Copper, max 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35Aluminum, max 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060Titanium, max 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Columbium, max (Niobium) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05A The manufacturer may exceed the noted maximum limits for nic

41、kel, chromium, molybdenum, or vanadium provided that the following relationship (AAR M-107/M-208)is met:9302f5703%Cg2f803%Mng2f503%Crg2f303%Nig2f203f%Mo1%Vg.3909302f5703%Cg2f803%Mng2f20 3 % Sig2f503%Crg 2 f303%Nig 2 f203 s%Mo1%Vdg.390A504/A504M 1438.3.2 Frequency of TestArc height determinations sha

42、ll be made onAlmen strips attached to a test wheel at the beginning andend of each production run but not less than once in each eight operating hours.8.3.3 RetestIf a test fails to meet the arc height requirements of 0.008 Almen C-2, two retests shall be made. These retestsshall be averaged with th

43、e first determination. The average shall be not less than 0.008 and no more than one value of the threeshall be less than 0.008.8.3.4 RepeeningWhen test values fail to meet the provisions of 8.3.3, corrective action shall be initiated and satisfactory testvalues secured before proceeding with produc

44、tion peening. If the averageAlmen value of the unsatisfactory test is 0.006 or 0.007,the last half of the wheels peened prior to the unsatisfactory test, but subsequent to a satisfactory test, shall be repeened with atleast is 12 exposure time. If the average Almen value is less than 0.006,less than

45、 0.008, all the wheels peened since the lastsatisfactory test shall be repeened with full exposure.9. Retreatment9.1 Any wheel failing to meet the requirements of Section 13 may be retreated and tested in accordance with 13.1 and 13.2.10. Mating10.1 Wheels shall be measured and marked to the lower t

46、ape number until the next graduation is reached. Wheels shall beshipped in pairs of the same measured tape size.NOTE 1The tables of tape sizes may be referred to in the Wheel and Axle Manual of the Association of American Railroads.11. Permissible Dimensional Variations11.1 The wheels shall conform

47、to the permissible dimension variations specified in Table 2. When the permissible dimensionvariations in Table 2 allow a certain percentage of the wheels to vary by a given amount from standard dimensions for tape size,the percentage of such wheels shipped by any manufacturer shall not exceed this

48、percentage during a calendar year. No individualpurchaser may receive more than this percentage in daily shipments of such wheels except by agreement with the manufacturer.12. Finish12.1 Wheels shall be rough bored and shall not have black spots in the rough bore. The front and back hub facefaces of

49、 wheelsshall be parallel to the plane of the vertical reference line and may be smooth forged or machined. The back hub face may besmooth forged or machined.shall be machined.12.2 Wheels shall be machined and finished smooth without excessive tool chatter.12.3 Wheels shall be given a thorough surface examination and gauging at the place of manufacture before being offered forinspection. They shall have a workmanlike finish and must be free of conditions likely to develop in or cause removal from service.12.4