ASTM A275 A275M-2008(2013) Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings《钢锻件磁粉检查的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: A275/A275M 08 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forMagnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A275/A275M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye

2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers a procedur

3、e for magnetic particleexamination of steel forgings. The procedure will produceconsistent results upon which acceptance standards can bebased. This practice does not contain acceptance standards orrecommended quality levels.1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or halfwave) current

4、 shall be used as the electric power source for anyof the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permit-ted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities isvery limited and therefore unsuitable.1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes areoutside the scope of this p

5、ractice.NOTE 1Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examinationin the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steelforgings.1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle ex-amination shall conform to practice standards of PracticeE1444/E1444M. If the requirements

6、of this practice are inconflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, therequirements of this practice shall prevail.1.4 This practice and the applicable material specificationsare expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However,unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specif

7、icationdesignation SI units, the material shall be furnished toinch-pound units.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of th

8、e other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health prac

9、tices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A508/A508M Specification for Quenched and TemperedVacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings forPressure VesselsE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingE1444/E1444M Practice f

10、or Magnetic Particle Testing2.2 Other Document:Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, SupplementB-Magnetic Particle Method43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 indicationthe visual magnetic particle buildup re-sulting from leakage fields in the magnetic field.3.1.2 linear indicationan indication in whic

11、h the length isat least three times the width. The minimum length ofindications to be considered linear shall be116 in. 1.6 mm.3.1.3 magnetic fluxthe product of the magnetic inductionand the area of a surface (or cross section) when the magneticinduction is uniformly distributed and normal to the pl

12、ane ofthe surface. The concept that the magnetic field is flowingalong the lines of force suggests that these lines are therefore“flux” lines, and they are called magnetic flux.3.1.4 magnetic particle method of examinationa methodfor detecting discontinuities on or near the surface in suitablymagnet

13、ized materials, which employs finely divided magneticparticles that tend to congregate in regions of leakage fields.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.06 on Steel Forgings and

14、Billets.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A275/A275M 08.DOI: 10.1520/A0275_A0275M-08R13.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related MethodSA-275/SA-275M in Section II of that Code

15、.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (

16、ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5 nonrelevant indicationsindications produced byleakage fields. However, the conditions causing

17、them arepresent by design or accident, or other features of the parthaving no relation to the damaging flaws being sought. Theterm signifies that such an indication has no relation to thediscontinuities that might constitute defects.4. Significance and Use4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic pa

18、rticle examina-tion is widely specified for the detection of surface and nearsurface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearlyoriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are in-cluded as mandatory requirements in some forging standardssuch as Specification A508/A508M.4.2 Use o

19、f direct current or rectified alternating (full or halfwave) current as the power source for magnetic particleexamination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.5. Basis of Application5.1 When in accordance with the requirements of theinquiry, contract, order, or specifications, forgings are

20、 fur-nished subject to magnetic particle examination, the manufac-turer and the purchaser shall be in agreement concerning thefollowing:5.1.1 The locations on the forgings that are to be subjectedto magnetic particle examination.5.1.2 The type, size, number, location, and orientation ofindications t

21、hat are to be considered injurious.5.1.3 The method of application of magnetic particles,demagnetization requirements and magnetic field strengths.5.2 In cases where large undercuts in the forgings are to betaken by the purchaser, the manufacturer shall be given theprivilege (when the design permits

22、) of machining slots orgrooves in the rough-machined forging to explore the internalconditions prior to shipping.5.3 Acceptance standards.6. Personnel Requirements6.1 Personnel performing the magnetic particle examinationto this practice shall be qualified and certified in accordancewith a written p

23、rocedure conforming to Recommended Prac-tice No. SNT-TC-1A or another national standard that isacceptable to both the purchaser and the supplier.7. Stage of Inspection7.1 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, acceptanceinspection shall be performed on a forging in the finalmachined surface co

24、ndition and final thermally treated condi-tion (including stress relief) or within 0.030 in. 0.8 mm of thefinal machined surface.8. Magnetizing Apparatus8.1 Rectified alternating (full or half wave) or direct-currentelectric power sources may be used. When current is passedthrough the part itself, t

25、he equipment shall consist of contact-ing or clamping elements with sufficient surface area andclamping pressure to allow the required current to flow withoutdamaging (burning) the part being examined.8.2 Portable electromagnetic (ac-dc) yokes may be used inthe dc mode as a magnetizing apparatus, pr

26、ovided the sensi-tivity to detect crack-like defects is demonstrated to be at leastequivalent to that of the direct-magnetization method.8.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes arenot included in the scope of this practice.9. Magnetic Particles9.1 The inspection medium shall consist of

27、finely dividedferromagnetic particles, which may be suspended in a suitableliquid medium, or used in dry powder form.9.2 The size and shape of the particles, and their magneticproperties, both individually and collectively, are important(see Section 12).10. Surface Preparation10.1 The sensitivity of

28、 the magnetic particle examinationwill depend to a considerable extent upon the condition of thesurface being tested. Defects may be satisfactorily revealed onshot-blasted or otherwise cleaned forged surfaces, or onsurfaces having small amounts of heat-treating scale withoutany special surface prepa

29、ration; however, loose scale must beremoved. To reveal fine defects, the surfaces to be inspectedshould be smooth machined to at least a 250-in. 6.35-mfinish.10.2 The surfaces shall be free of grease, oils, or othersubstances to which the particles may adhere.10.3 Rough surfaces hamper the mobility

30、of magneticpowders due to mechanical trapping which in turn producesfalse indications. Such areas should be surface ground. Ifgrinding is impractical, a paper tape overlay (as described in15.1.1.2) may eliminate the problem.11. Methods of Magnetization11.1 The forging may be magnetized either by pas

31、singcurrent through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field bymeans of a central conductor or by coils.11.1.1 Continuous MethodIn the continuous method, theinspection medium is applied to the surface under inspectionwhile the current is still flowing. The current source generateshigh amperage curr

32、ent in pulses of up to 1-s duration. Theduration of this flow shall allow at least three pulses of currentor in the case where machines supply continuous current flowa minimum shot of15 to12-s duration should be applied.11.1.2 Surge MethodIn the surge method a high-magnetizing force is applied and t

33、hen reduced to a lowercontinuous value, which is maintained during application ofthe inspection medium.11.2 At least two separate examinations shall be carried outon each area. The second examination shall be with the lines ofmagnetic flux approximately perpendicular to those used forthe first exami

34、nation in that area. A different means ofmagnetizing may be used for the second examination. Magne-tizing in more than one direction cannot be accomplishedsimultaneously.A275/A275M 08 (2013)2NOTE 2An exception to the above rule is overall sequential multi-vector magnetization whereby several magneti

35、zing circuits are providedfor sequentially magnetizing a part in multiple directions depending uponthe locations of the current connectors. By this technique, flaws of anyorientation can be detected with a single application of magnetic particles.11.3 The two general types of magnetization with rega

36、rd todirection are longitudinal and circular, as follows:11.3.1 LongitudinalWhen a forging is magnetizedlongitudinally, the magnetic flux lines are usually parallel tothe axis of the piece. A longitudinally magnetized piece alwayshas definite poles readily detectable by compass or magnetom-eter. Lon

37、gitudinal magnetization is usually accomplished byplacing the forging within a solenoid, often formed by wrap-ping cable around the piece (Fig. 1). For special applications,magnetic yokes can be used (Fig. 2) when requirements of 8.2are met.11.3.2 CircularCircular magnetization is obtained bypassing

38、 a current directly through the piece (Fig. 3), or inducedthrough a conductor (Fig. 4), or conductors threaded (Fig. 5)through an opening in the piece. Localized circular magenti-zation may be obtained by passing current through the localareas by use of prod-type contacts (Fig. 6).11.4 The magnetic

39、field is confined almost entirely to thepiece and there may be no external manifestation of themagnetized condition. Indications will appear strongest in thedirection perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.11.5 Field StrengthThe minimum field strength that willreveal and permit classif

40、ication of all objectionable defectsshall be used. The maximum field strengths practical are theones just below the point at which excessive adherence of theparticles begins to occur over the surface being inspected.11.5.1 Coil MagnetizationWhen coil magnetization isused, the magnetic field strength

41、 is directly proportional to thecurrent (ampere-turns if a coil or solenoid is used) andinversely proportional to the thickness of the section beinginspected.11.5.1.1 Longitudinal MagnetizationFor encircling coils(Fig. 1), the turns of the coil shall be kept closely together. Thefield strength decre

42、ases as distance from the coil increases andlong parts must be magnetized in sections. If the area to beinspected extends beyond 6 in. 150 mm on either side of thecoils, the adequacy of the field shall be demonstrated by the useof field indicators (see 11.5.6).(1) Small ForgingsMagnetizing force sha

43、ll be 35 000ampere-turns divided by the sum of 2 plus the “length overdiameter” ratio of the test part. For example, a part 10 in.250 mm long by 2 in. 50 mm in outside diameter has an L/Dratio of 5. Therefore, 35 000/(2 + 5) = 5000 ampere-turns; if a5-turn coil is used, the current required is 5000/

44、5 or 1000 A.This formula provides an adequate field strength on small partshaving an L/D ratio of 4 or greater. For parts having a smallerFIG. 1 Longitudinal MagnetizationFIG. 2 Longitudinal Magnetization, with YokeFIG. 3 Circular Magnetization, Current Directly Through ForgingFIG. 4 Circular Magnet

45、ization, Current Through a ConductorFIG. 5 Circular Magnetization, Current Through ConductorsThreaded Through ForgingA275/A275M 08 (2013)3L/D ratio, adequate field strengths shall be demonstrated by theuse of a field indicator (see 11.5.6). The graph in Fig. 7 may beused to determine the ampere-turn

46、s required for each L/Drelationship.(2) Large ForgingsFor large forgings the magnetizingforce shall be in the range from 1200 to 4500 ampere-turns. Afield indicator (see 11.5.6) shall be used to demonstrate thepresence of an adequate field strength over the area to beinspected.11.5.1.2 Circular Magn

47、etization (Fig. 5)For circular mag-netization with through coils, use the current with amperage asspecified in 11.5.2 divided by the number of turns in the coil.11.5.2 Direct MagnetizationWhen current is passed di-rectly through the part to be examined, the current shall bebetween 100 and 900 A per

48、inch 4 and 35 A per millimetre ofdiameter or cross section (per inch or millimetre of greatestwidth in a plane at right angles to current flow). For hollowparts this would be wall thickness when cables are clamped tothe wall. Suggested current for diameters or sections up to 5 in.125 mm are 600 to 9

49、00Aper inch 25 to 35Aper millimetre;for diameters or sections between 5 and 10 in. 125 to250 mm, 400 to 600 A per inch 15 to 25 A per millimetre;and 100 to 400Aper inch 4 to 15Aper millimetre for outsidediameters or sections over 10 in. 250 mm. If it is not practicalto obtain these current levels for diameters over 10 in.250 mm, the presence of an adequate field strength shall bedemonstrated using a field indicator. In all other instances theadequacy of the magnetizing force shall be demonstrated bymeans of a field indicator (s