ASA S3 SC1 100 S12 100-2014 American National Standard Methods to Define and Measure the Residual Sound in Protected Natural and Quiet Residential Areas.pdf

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1、ANSI/ASA S3/SC1.100-2014 ANSI/ASA S12.100-2014 (a joint project between ASC S3/SC 1 and ASC S12) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Methods to Define and Measure the Residual Sound in Protected Natural and Quiet Residential Areas Secretariat: Acoustical Society of America Approved on December 5, 2014, by: A

2、merican National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract This standard specifies measurement procedures for characterizing residual sound levels in protected natural areas and quiet residential areas. The standard specifies instrumentation, measurement durations, and statistical procedures for summarizin

3、g the data. A filtering procedure is provided that can be applied to A-weighted data to exclude high frequency sound energy where appropriate or warranted. The statistical procedure for calculating exceedance values like L90is specified. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Acoustical Societ

4、y of America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accredited Standards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on Bioacoustics, S3/SC 1 on Animal Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. These committees have wide representation from the technical community (manufacturers, consumer

5、s, trade associations, organizations with a general interest, and government representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustical Society of America as American National Standards after approval by their respective Standards Committees and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

6、 These standards are developed and published as a public service to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State, and local governments. Each of the Accredited Standards Committees (operating in accordance with procedures approved by ANSI) is responsible for

7、 developing, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its own Standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers Committee organization and activity and provides liaison between the Accredited Standards Committees and ANSI. After the Standards have been produced and adopted by the Accredited Stand

8、ards Committees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, the ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution. An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the

9、 judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered and that

10、a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of an American National Standard is completely voluntary. Their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has approved the Standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes

11、, or procedures not conforming to the Standards. NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this Standard. Acoustical Society o

12、f America Standards Secretariat 1305 Walt Whitman Road, Suite 300 Melville, New York 11747 Telephone: 1 (631) 390-0215 Fax: 1 (631) 923-2875 E-mail: asastdsacousticalsociety.org 2014 by Acoustical Society of America. This standard may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for sale, promo

13、tion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose not falling within the provisions of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publisher. For permission, address a request to the Standards Secretariat of the Acoustical Society of America. 2014 Acoustical Society of Amer

14、ica All rights reserved iContents 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 Filter requirements . 3 5 Residual measurement procedure . 3 6 Reporting 6 (informative) Average differences between A-weighted and ANS-weighted sound Annex Alevels and the standard deviation to th

15、ese differences for several noise sources 8 A.1 Various noise sources and general residual noise without significant natural sounds 8 A.2 Several residual noise situations with significant natural sounds 8 (informative) Noise floor of sound level meters when using A-weighting and when Annex Busing A

16、NS-weighting . 10 B.1 Introduction 10 B.2 A theoretical analysis of the effect of ANS-weighting on the electrical noise floor of a type 1 sound level meter . 10 B.3 Comparison of theory with data . 10 B.4 Additional benefits of ANS-weighting . 13 B.5 An explanation for the anomalous differences . 14

17、 B.6 Conclusions 15 (normative) Minimum requirements for measurements in parks and wilderness areas 16 Annex CC.1 Introduction 16 C.2 Instruments 16 C.3 System sensitivity checks during measurements 17 Bibliography 18 Tables Table A.1 Comparison of A-weighted and ANS-weighted sound level differences

18、 for various noise sources* 8 Table A.2 Example differences between A-weighted and ANS-weighted sound levels . 9 Table B.1 Differences between A-weighted and ANS-weighted levels of leaf-rustle noise . 14 Figures Figure B.1 Noise floor of the Larson-Davis 831 sound level meter 11 Figure B.2 Histogram

19、 of the second-by-second differences between A-weighted and corresponding ANS-weighted levels 11 ii 2014 Acoustical Society of America All rights reservedFigure B.3 A scatter plot of the differences between A-weighted levels and corresponding ANS-weighted levels as a function of the A-weighted level

20、 . 12 Figure B.4 A boxplot of the differences between A-weighted levels and corresponding ANS-weighted levels as a function of the wind speed . 13 Figure B.5 A scatter plot of the differences between A-weighted levels and corresponding ANS-weighted levels as a function of the change in the A-weighte

21、d level from the preceding second . 14 2014 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iiiForeword This Foreword is for information only, and is not a part of the American National Standard ANSI/ASA S3/SC1.100-2014 / ANSI/ASA S12.100-2014 American National Standard Methods to Define and Measu

22、re the Residual Sound in Protected Natural and Quiet Residential Areas. As such, this Foreword may contain material that has not been subjected to public review or a consensus process. In addition, it does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard. This new standard, for whi

23、ch there is no ISO or EN counterpart, was developed and approved as a joint project between ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1, Animal Bioacoustics, and ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S12, Noise. It comprises a part of a group of definitions, standards, and specifications for use in th

24、e fields of psychological acoustics, physiological acoustics, and acoustic ecology as it affects both humans and animals. It was developed and approved by both ASC S3/SC 1 and ASC S12 under their approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been accredited by the American National Standards

25、Institute (ANSI). The Scope of Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1 is as follows: Standards, specifications, methods of measurement and test, instrumentation, and terminology in the field of psychological and physiological acoustics, including aspects of general acoustics which pertain to biologi

26、cal safety, tolerance, and comfort of non-human animals, including both risk to individual animals and to the long-term viability of populations. Animals to be covered may potentially include commercially grown food animals; animals harvested for food in the wild; pets; laboratory animals; exotic sp

27、ecies in zoos, oceanaria or aquariums; or free-ranging wild animals. The Scope of Accredited Standards Committee S12 is as follows: Standards, specifications, and terminology in the field of acoustical noise pertaining to methods of measurement, evaluation, and control, including biological safety,

28、tolerance, and comfort, and physical acoustics as related to environmental and occupational noise. At the time this Standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1, Animal Bioacoustics, for approval the membership was as follows: D.K. Delaney, Chair M.C. Hastings, Vice-Chair S.B. Bl

29、aeser, Secretary Acoustical Society of America M.C. Hastings American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery .R.A. Dobie American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) . B.M. Ryals V. Gladstone (Alt.) G.R.A.S. Sound FAX: 631-923-2875; E-mail: asastdsacousticalsociety.org. viii 2014 Ac

30、oustical Society of America All rights reservedIntroduction Currently, no standard method exists for describing or measuring residual sound levels in protected natural areas and quiet residential areas. The main purpose of this standard is to develop procedures to estimate the residual sound levels

31、in an area where these levels are used to evaluate the effects of a noise source, with two examples being wind turbine noise in quiet rural areas and transportation noise in U.S. National Parks and wilderness areas. A second purpose is to develop estimates of the ambient sound in the same or similar

32、 settings to those above. It is desirable that residual sound levels be characterized in units that offer opportunities for comparison with a broad range of available information. The most commonly available noise source data are provided as A-weighted sound levels in decibels. This standard has bee

33、n written to reflect the most common measurement conventions and instrumentation, which were designed for application to human noise impacts. Other weighting schemes may ultimately be more efficient for characterizing residual sound levels for other species of animals. This standard is not intended

34、to characterize pristine ambient conditions, or to provide sensitive methods for detecting anthropogenic noise. A common purpose of residual sound level measurement is to evaluate the projection of a noise source into an area. In this case, one question of interest concerns, in a broad sense, the ca

35、pacity of residual sounds to “mask,” or inhibit perception of, a noise source. High frequency natural sounds (HFNS)sounds above the 1 kHz octave band that are significantly above the primary frequencies of the noise sourcecontribute little to masking. The problem is that these high-frequency sounds

36、can make large contributions to A-weighted sound levels that substantially exaggerate the environments capacity to mask most anthropogenic noise sources. The effects of discarding HFNS from measurements of A-weighted sound levels have been investigated in two settings. The Natural Sounds and Night S

37、kies Division of the National Park Service processed hourly ambient data from 62 sites in 10 national parks. More than 20% of the one-hour-average sound levels were decreased by 3 dB or more when HFNS were excluded. Five percent of the measurements of hourly sound levels were decreased by nearly 6 d

38、B. Spring and summer measurements from sites with high percentages of vegetation coverage showed the greatest differences. Schomer, Slauch, and Hessler (2010) evaluated over 115 community noise octave-band spectra and found the exclusion of high-frequency sounds causes A-weighted sound levels to dec

39、rease by less than 1 dB, and that the standard deviation was 0.5 dB or less. Excluding HFNS substantially reduces residual levels in national park and quiet residential settings while having a much smaller effect on measurements of urban noise levels. Annex A reproduces the Schomer et al. data showi

40、ng the average differences and the standard deviation to these differences for various noise sources. Elimination of the high-frequency sound has two potential additional benefits. First, elimination of all data above the 1 kHz octave band (or in the 1.6 kHz one-third octave band and above) may sign

41、ificantly lower the self-generated electrical noise on the order of 10 dB when compared to the self-generated A-weighted electrical noise floor of a typical Type 1 sound level meter. Annex B contains a detailed analysis of this effect for a typical, well-known Type 1 meter. Second, elimination of al

42、l data above the 1 kHz octave band significantly lowers the contributions of the wind-induced noise of rustling leaves and noise flow around the microphone windscreen. This effect is illustrated in Figures B.3 and B.4. As an example, leaf-rustle noise analyzed by Schomer and Beck (2010) has an A-wei

43、ghted one-third octave-band spectrum that peaks in the 2 to 3.15 kHz range. Elimination of all data above the 1 kHz octave band lowers the resulting measured A-weighted leaf-rustle levels by about 3.5 dB when compared to the equivalent A-weighted measurementa reduction that is quite consistent with

44、Figure B.4. ANSI/ASA S3/SC1.100-2014 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ASA S12.100-2014 2014 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 1American National Standard Methods to Define and Measure the Residual Sound in Protected Natural and Quiet Residential Areas 1 Scope This standard provides ba

45、sic quantities and procedures for the description of residual sound levels in protected natural areas and quiet residential areas. This information supplements the basic information contained in the American National Standards listed as references. This standard specifies a method to measure residua

46、l sound in protected natural areas and quiet residential areas. This standard sets minimum requirements for the instruments used and for the sensitivity checks performed in conjunction with measurements in parks, wilderness areas, and quiet residential areas. This standard defines the A-weighted, no

47、ise-compensated (ANS-weighted metric), which is the standard A-weighting filtered to exclude sounds above the 1 kHz octave band. The resulting data can be used to characterize residual sound levels with respect to anthropogenic noise. Data obtained in quiet residential areas can be used to assess th

48、e residual sound in relation to manmade noise sources such as wind turbine generators, compressor stations for pipelines, highways, and airports. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated references, only the edition c

49、ited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ANSI/ASA S1.1 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology ANSI S1.4-1983 (R 2006) American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters. This Standard includes ANSI S1.4A-1985 (R 2006) Amendment to ANSI S1.4-1983 ANSI/ASA S1.11-2004 (R 2009) American National Standard Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Analog and Digital Filters ANSI/ASA S1.13-2005 (R 2010) American National Standard Measuremen